Benzodiazepines (Psy and mixed indications) updated on 02-10-2025

Limb defects

R analysis
id Study   Lib. in paper Exposition period    Study type 
 Control type 
 
Tags OR 95%CI x1/n1 x0/n0 no cases no exposed ROB Ref.
S17044
R75081		 Chuang - BZDs, 2024 Limb malformations 1st trimester population based cohort retrospective unexposed, sick Adjustment: Yes BZD Coexposure: Not specified 0.93 [0.70;1.24] 64/50,272   3,300/2,632,733 3,364 50,272
ref
S15381
R63383		 Noh - BZDs, 2022 Limb malformations 1st trimester population based cohort retrospective unexposed, sick Adjustment: Yes BZD Coexposure: Not specified 0.94 [0.80;1.09] 184/40,846   12,956/3,053,381 13,140 40,846
ref
S15330
R63126		 Ban - Diazepam (Other indications) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2014 Limb defects 1st trimester retrospective cohort (claims database) unexposed, disease free excluded Adjustment: Yes BZD Coexposure: No (among psychiatric (ATD and/or psychotropics) medications) Indication BZD: Psychiatric diseases (depression, anxiety, ...) 1.05 [0.36;3.03]
excluded (control group) 		6/1,159   1,833/351,785 1,839 1,159
ref
S15327
R63096		 Ban - Diazepam (Other indications) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 Limb defects 1st trimester retrospective cohort (claims database) unexposed, sick Adjustment: Yes BZD Coexposure: No (among psychiatric (ATD and/or psychotropics) medications) Indication BZD: Psychiatric diseases (depression, anxiety, ...) 1.42 [0.47;4.30] 6/1,159   77/19,193 83 1,159
ref
Total 3 studies 0.94 [0.82;1.08] 16,587 92,277
x1: number of endpoints among exposed, n1: number of exposed; x0: number of endpoints among non exposed, n0: number of non exposed; C: calculated odds ratio from numbers of events and effectives

Forest plot

StudyTE95% CIn casesn exposedweightROBABCDEF Chuang - BZDs, 2024Chuang - BZDs, 2024 0.93[0.70; 1.24]3,36450,27222%ROB confusion: moderateROB selection: lowROB classification: moderateROB missing: unclearROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Noh - BZDs, 2022Noh - BZDs, 2022 0.94[0.80; 1.09]13,14040,84676%ROB confusion: moderateROB selection: moderateROB classification: moderateROB missing: unclearROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: low Ban - Diazepam (Other indications) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014Ban - Diazepam, 2014 1 1.42[0.47; 4.30]831,1591%ROB confusion: seriousROB selection: moderateROB classification: criticalROB missing: moderateROB mesure: unclearROB reporting: moderate Total (3 studies) I2 = 0% 0.94[0.82; 1.08]16,58792,2770.25.01.0ROB: A: confusion, B: selection, C: classification, D: missing, E: measurement, F: reportinglow,moderate,serious,critical,unclear,

1: Other indications) (Controls unexposed, sick;

Sensitivity analysis

SubsetTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2 Type of studies cohort studiescohort studies 0.94[0.82; 1.08]16,58792,2770%NAChuang - BZDs, 2024 Noh - BZDs, 2022 Ban - Diazepam (Other indications) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 3 case control studiescase control studies 0 Type of controls unexposed, sickunexposed, sick 0.94[0.82; 1.08]16,58792,2770%NAChuang - BZDs, 2024 Noh - BZDs, 2022 Ban - Diazepam (Other indications) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 3 Tags Adjustment   - Yes  - Yes 0.94[0.82; 1.08]16,58792,2770%NAChuang - BZDs, 2024 Noh - BZDs, 2022 Ban - Diazepam (Other indications) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 3 BZD Coexposure   - No (among psychiatric (ATD and/or p ...  - No (among psychiatric (ATD and/or psychotropics) medications) 1.42[0.47; 4.30]831,159 -NABan - Diazepam (Other indications) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 1   - Not specified  - Not specified 0.94[0.82; 1.07]16,50491,1180%NAChuang - BZDs, 2024 Noh - BZDs, 2022 2 Indication BZD   - Psychiatric diseases (depression, a ...  - Psychiatric diseases (depression, anxiety, ...) 1.42[0.47; 4.30]831,159 -NABan - Diazepam (Other indications) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 1 All studiesAll studies 0.94[0.82; 1.08]16,58792,2770%NAChuang - BZDs, 2024 Noh - BZDs, 2022 Ban - Diazepam (Other indications) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 30.25.01.0

Publication bias and p-hacking diagnosis

funnel plot

Funnel plot not drawn. Less than 3 points.

Asymetry test p-value = NaN (by Egger's regression)

not enought points

p values plot

Funnel plot not drawn. Less than 3 points.

Sub-groups analysis using all included studies

excluded 15330

Sub-groupsTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2ROB type of controls unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified)unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified) 1.05[0.36; 3.05]1,8391,159 -NABan - Diazepam (Other indications) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2014 1 unexposed, sick controlsunexposed, sick controls 0.94[0.82; 1.08]16,58792,2770%NAChuang - BZDs, 2024 Noh - BZDs, 2022 Ban - Diazepam (Other indications) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 30.510.01.0