Benzodiazepines (Psy and mixed indications) updated on 02-10-2025

Elective/induced termination of pregnancy

R analysis
id Study   Lib. in paper Exposition period    Study type 
 Control type 
 
Tags OR 95%CI x1/n1 x0/n0 no cases no exposed ROB Ref.
S19615
R83658		 Li, 2026 Elective abortions early pregnancy population based cohort retrospective unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: Yes BZD Coexposure: Not specified 1.83 [1.70;1.98] 1,790/59,521   3,454/396,823 5,244 59,521
ref
S18301
R77074		 Ban (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2012 Termination of pregnancy during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) population based cohort retrospective unexposed, disease free excluded Adjustment: Yes BZD Coexposure: No (among psychiatric (ATD and/or psychotropics) medications) 2.20 [1.90;2.60]
excluded (control group) 		654/3,392   -/- - 3,392
ref
S18302
R77077		 Ban (Controls unexposed, sick), 2012 Termination of pregnancy during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) population based cohort retrospective unexposed, sick Adjustment: Yes BZD Coexposure: No (among psychiatric (ATD and/or psychotropics) medications) 1.90 [1.60;2.30] 654/3,392   -/- - 3,392
ref
S15322
R63048		 Ornoy - BZDs, 1998 Induced abortions at least 1st trimester prospective cohort unexposed, disease free Adjustment: No BZD Coexposure: Yes (with psychiatric (ATD and/or psychotropics) medications) 3.50 [2.10;5.90] 65/460   20/424 85 460
ref
Total 3 studies 2.00 [1.64;2.43] 5,329 63,373
x1: number of endpoints among exposed, n1: number of exposed; x0: number of endpoints among non exposed, n0: number of non exposed; C: calculated odds ratio from numbers of events and effectives

Forest plot

StudyTE95% CIn casesn exposedweightROBABCDEF Li, 2026Li, 2026 1.83[1.70; 1.98]5,24459,52151%ROB confusion: seriousROB selection: lowROB classification: moderateROB missing: unclearROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Ban (Controls unexposed, sick), 2012Ban, 2012 1 1.90[1.60; 2.30]-3,39237%ROB confusion: seriousROB selection: criticalROB classification: moderateROB missing: lowROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Ornoy - BZDs, 1998Ornoy - BZDs, 1998 3.50[2.10; 5.90]8546011%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: moderateROB classification: moderateROB missing: criticalROB mesure: criticalROB reporting: moderate Total (3 studies) I2 = 67% 2.00[1.64; 2.43]5,32963,3730.510.01.0ROB: A: confounding, B: selection, C: classification, D: missing, E: measurement, F: reportinglow,moderate,serious,critical,unclear,

1: Controls unexposed, sick;

Sensitivity analysis

SubsetTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2 Type of studies cohort studiescohort studies 2.00[1.64; 2.43]5,32963,37367%NALi, 2026 Ban (Controls unexposed, sick), 2012 Ornoy - BZDs, 1998 3 case control studiescase control studies 0 Type of controls unexposed (disease free or unspecified)unexposed (disease free or unspecified) 2.40[1.28; 4.50]5,32959,98183%NALi, 2026 Ornoy - BZDs, 1998 2 unexposed, sickunexposed, sick 1.90[1.58; 2.28]-3,392 -NABan (Controls unexposed, sick), 2012 1 Tags Adjustment   - No  - No 3.50[2.09; 5.87]85460 -NAOrnoy - BZDs, 1998 1   - Yes  - Yes 1.84[1.72; 1.97]5,24462,9130%NALi, 2026 Ban (Controls unexposed, sick), 2012 2 BZD Coexposure   - No (among psychiatric (ATD and/or p ...  - No (among psychiatric (ATD and/or psychotropics) medications) 1.90[1.58; 2.28]-3,392 -NABan (Controls unexposed, sick), 2012 1   - Not specified  - Not specified 1.83[1.70; 1.97]5,24459,521 -NALi, 2026 1   - Yes (with psychiatric (ATD and/or p ...  - Yes (with psychiatric (ATD and/or psychotropics) medications) 3.50[2.09; 5.87]85460 -NAOrnoy - BZDs, 1998 1 All studiesAll studies 2.00[1.64; 2.43]5,32963,37367%NALi, 2026 Ban (Controls unexposed, sick), 2012 Ornoy - BZDs, 1998 30.510.01.0

Publication bias and p-hacking diagnosis

funnel plot

Funnel plot not drawn. Less than 3 points.

Asymetry test p-value = NaN (by Egger's regression)

not enought points

p values plot

Funnel plot not drawn. Less than 3 points.

Sub-groups analysis using all included studies

excluded 18301

Sub-groupsTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2ROB type of controls unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified)unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified) 2.15[1.72; 2.70]5,97463,37379%NALi, 2026 Ban (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2012 Ornoy - BZDs, 1998 3 unexposed, sick controlsunexposed, sick controls 1.90[1.58; 2.28]6453,392 -NABan (Controls unexposed, sick), 2012 1 design cohort studycohort study 2.00[1.64; 2.43]5,32963,37367%NALi, 2026 Ban (Controls unexposed, sick), 2012 Ornoy - BZDs, 1998 3 case controlcase control 0 case-time-controlcase-time-control 0 case-case-time-controlcase-case-time-control 0 otherother 00.510.01.0

Umbrella review (other published meta-analyses)

Published MAControlPeriodTE95% CIn exposedkI2 Grigoriadis - BZDs (Induced abortion)Grigoriadis - BZDs (Induced abortion) 2.04[1.23; 3.40]73%-Wwhatever (meta-analysis)Anyduring pregnancy (anytime or not specified)studies TTT3 metaPregmetaPreg 2.00[1.64; 2.43]67%63,373----Li, 2026 Ban (Controls unexposed, sick), 2012 Ornoy - BZDs, 1998 30.510.01.0