Liraglutide

Major congenital malformations

R analysis
id Study   Lib. in paper Exposition period    Study type 
 Control type 
 
Tags OR 95%CI x1/n1 x0/n0 no cases no exposed ROB Ref.
S18791
R79981		 Broe (Controls unexposed, general pop), 2025 Major congenital malformations (exclusion of chromosomal abnormalities (ICD-10 codes Q90– Q99)) 1st trimester population based cohort retrospective unexposed (general population or NOS) excluded Adjustment: Yes GLP1-RA indication: Mixed (Diabetes and/or Overweight) or Unspecified 3.52 [1.59;7.82]
excluded (control group) 		8/55   17,438/482,980 17,446 55
ref
S18792
R79982		 Broe (Controls unexposed, sick), 2025 Major congenital malformations (exclusion of chromosomal abnormalities (ICD-10 codes Q90– Q99)) 1st trimester population based cohort retrospective unexposed, sick Adjustment: Yes GLP1-RA indication: Mixed (Diabetes and/or Overweight) or Unspecified 0.74 [0.20;2.70] 8/55   9/53 17 55
ref
Total 1 studies 0.74 [0.20;2.72] 17 55
x1: number of endpoints among exposed, n1: number of exposed; x0: number of endpoints among non exposed, n0: number of non exposed; C: calculated odds ratio from numbers of events and effectives

Forest plot

StudyTE95% CIn casesn exposedweightROBABCDEF Broe (Controls unexposed, sick), 2025Broe, 2025 1 0.74[0.20; 2.70]17550%ROB confusion: seriousROB selection: moderateROB classification: criticalROB missing: lowROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate0.22.01.0ROB: A: confounding, B: selection, C: classification, D: missing, E: measurement, F: reportinglow,moderate,serious,critical,unclear,

1: Controls unexposed, sick;

Sensitivity analysis

SubsetTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2 Type of studies cohort studiescohort studies 0.74[0.20; 2.72]1755 -NABroe (Controls unexposed, sick), 2025 1 case control studiescase control studies 0 Type of controls unexposed, sickunexposed, sick 0.74[0.20; 2.72]1755 -NABroe (Controls unexposed, sick), 2025 1 Tags Adjustment   - Yes  - Yes 0.74[0.20; 2.72]1755 -NABroe (Controls unexposed, sick), 2025 1 GLP1-RA indication   - Mixed (Diabetes and/or Overweight) ...  - Mixed (Diabetes and/or Overweight) or Unspecified 0.74[0.20; 2.72]1755 -NABroe (Controls unexposed, sick), 2025 1 All studiesAll studies 0.74[0.20; 2.72]1755 -NABroe (Controls unexposed, sick), 2025 10.210.01.0

Publication bias and p-hacking diagnosis

funnel plot

Funnel plot not drawn. Less than 3 points.

Asymetry test p-value = NaN (by Egger's regression)

not enought points

p values plot

Funnel plot not drawn. Less than 3 points.

Sub-groups analysis using all included studies

excluded 18791

Sub-groupsTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2ROB type of controls unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified)unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified) 3.52[1.59; 7.81]17,44655 -NABroe (Controls unexposed, general pop), 2025 1 unexposed, sick controlsunexposed, sick controls 0.74[0.20; 2.72]1755 -NABroe (Controls unexposed, sick), 2025 10.510.01.0