Diazepam updated on 02-10-2025

Cleft palate

R analysis
id Study   Lib. in paper Exposition period    Study type 
 Control type 
 
Tags OR 95%CI x1/n1 x0/n0 no cases no exposed ROB Ref.
S17689
R74662		 Laspro, 2024 Isolated Cleft Palate (ICD-10 code Q35 excluding Q36 or Q37) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) excluded nested case control unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: No BZD Coexposure: Not specified 1.36 [0.99;1.89]
excluded (exposition period) 		37/-   5,822/- 5,859 -
ref
S15602
R64328		 Tinker, 2019 Cleft palate alone 1st trimester case control unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: No BZD Coexposure: Yes (with psychiatric (ATD and/or psychotropics) medications) 0.20 [0.01;3.28] C 0/18   1,578/13,093 1,578 18
ref
S15661
R64651		 Czeizel, 2003 Cleft palate 1st trimester case control unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: Yes BZD Coexposure: Yes (with psychiatric (ATD and/or psychotropics) medications) Matched 1.00 [0.30;2.90] -/-   606/- - -
ref
S15660
R64645		 Czeizel, 1987 Isolated posterior cleft palate 1st trimester case control unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: No BZD Coexposure: Not specified Matched 0.75 [0.16;3.38] C 3/7   176/351 179 7
ref
S15663
R64679		 Rosenberg, 1983 Cleft palate alone 1st trimester case control unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: Yes BZD Coexposure: Not specified 0.80 [0.20;2.50] 3/57   163/2,607 166 57
ref
S15648
R64573		 Aarskog, 1975 Clef palate 1st trimester case control unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: No BZD Coexposure: Not specified 8.14 [0.84;78.91] C 1/5   11/369 12 5
ref
S15665
R64683		 Safra, 1975 Cleft palate alone 1st trimester case control unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: No BZD Coexposure: Not specified 0.85 [0.11;6.81] C 1/16   19/262 20 16
ref
Total 6 studies 0.96 [0.50;1.83] 1,955 103
x1: number of endpoints among exposed, n1: number of exposed; x0: number of endpoints among non exposed, n0: number of non exposed; C: calculated odds ratio from numbers of events and effectives

Forest plot

StudyTE95% CIn casesn exposedweightROBABCDEF Tinker, 2019Tinker, 2019 0.20[0.01; 3.28]1,578185%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: criticalROB classification: criticalROB missing: lowROB mesure: unclearROB reporting: moderate Czeizel, 2003Czeizel, 2003 1.00[0.30; 2.90]--32%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: criticalROB classification: criticalROB missing: unclearROB mesure: criticalROB reporting: moderate Czeizel, 1987Czeizel, 1987 0.75[0.16; 3.38]179718%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: criticalROB classification: moderateROB missing: moderateROB mesure: unclearROB reporting: moderate Rosenberg, 1983Rosenberg, 1983 0.80[0.20; 2.50]1665726%ROB confusion: seriousROB selection: criticalROB classification: criticalROB missing: unclearROB mesure: criticalROB reporting: moderate Aarskog, 1975Aarskog, 1975 8.14[0.84; 78.91]1258%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: criticalROB classification: criticalROB missing: unclearROB mesure: unclearROB reporting: moderate Safra, 1975Safra, 1975 0.85[0.11; 6.81]201610%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: criticalROB classification: criticalROB missing: unclearROB mesure: unclearROB reporting: moderate Total (6 studies) I2 = 0% 0.96[0.50; 1.83]1,9551030.020.01.0ROB: A: confusion, B: selection, C: classification, D: missing, E: measurement, F: reportinglow,moderate,serious,critical,unclear,

Sensitivity analysis

SubsetTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2 Type of studies cohort studiescohort studies 0 case control studiescase control studies 0.96[0.50; 1.83]1,9551030%NATinker, 2019 Czeizel, 2003 Czeizel, 1987 Rosenberg, 1983 Aarskog, 1975 Safra, 1975 6 Type of controls unexposed (disease free or unspecified)unexposed (disease free or unspecified) 0.96[0.50; 1.83]1,9551030%NATinker, 2019 Czeizel, 2003 Czeizel, 1987 Rosenberg, 1983 Aarskog, 1975 Safra, 1975 6 Tags Adjustment   - No  - No 1.06[0.29; 3.92]1,7894636%NATinker, 2019 Czeizel, 1987 Aarskog, 1975 Safra, 1975 4   - Yes  - Yes 0.91[0.39; 2.10]166570%NACzeizel, 2003 Rosenberg, 1983 2 BZD Coexposure   - Not specified  - Not specified 1.11[0.45; 2.75]3778515%NACzeizel, 1987 Rosenberg, 1983 Aarskog, 1975 Safra, 1975 4   - Yes (with psychiatric (ATD and/or p ...  - Yes (with psychiatric (ATD and/or psychotropics) medications) 0.75[0.23; 2.52]1,578189%NATinker, 2019 Czeizel, 2003 2 MatchedMatched 0.90[0.36; 2.23]17970%NACzeizel, 2003 Czeizel, 1987 2 All studiesAll studies 0.96[0.50; 1.83]1,9551030%NATinker, 2019 Czeizel, 2003 Czeizel, 1987 Rosenberg, 1983 Aarskog, 1975 Safra, 1975 60.020.01.0

Publication bias and p-hacking diagnosis

funnel plot
0.0-3.43.31.7200.000Tinker, 2019Czeizel, 2003Czeizel, 1987Rosenberg, 1983Aarskog, 1975Safra, 1975

Asymetry test p-value = 0.8998 (by Egger's regression)

slope=-0.1964 (1.1943); intercept=0.1983 (1.4786); t=0.1341; p=0.8998

p values plot
0.01.00.01.0

Sub-groups analysis using all included studies

excluded

Sub-groupsTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2ROB type of controls unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified)unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified) 0.96[0.50; 1.83]2,5521030%NATinker, 2019 Czeizel, 2003 Czeizel, 1987 Rosenberg, 1983 Aarskog, 1975 Safra, 1975 60.510.01.0