Alprazolam updated on 02-10-2025

Early intrauterine deaths (< 22 weeks) / Spontaneous abortions

R analysis
id Study   Lib. in paper Exposition period    Study type 
 Control type 
 
Tags OR 95%CI x1/n1 x0/n0 no cases no exposed ROB Ref.
S15612
R64441		 Meng, 2024 Miscarriage (between 8th-19th weeks of gestation; ICD-9 codes 631, 632, 634, 637, 640; ICD-10 codes O02, O03, O20) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) other unexposed, sick Adjustment: Yes BZD Coexposure: Not specified Matched 1.39 [1.17;1.66] -/-   0/- - -
ref
S18586
R78986		 Kitchin, 2022 Miscarriage (ICD-9634–639 Pregnancy losses between 4-22 weeks) 1st trimester case control unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: Yes BZD Coexposure: Not specified Matched 1.07 [0.81;1.40] 74/259   17,996/72,020 18,070 259
ref
S15643
R64558		 Lee, 2022 Spontaneous Abortion 1st trimester prospective cohort unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: Yes BZD Coexposure: Not specified 2.38 [1.20;4.69] 14/96   38/629 52 96
ref
S15412
R63483		 Sheehy, 2019 Spontaneous abortion (6th to 19th completed week of gestation) - ICD-9 diagnosis code 634 or ICD-10 diagnosis code O03 early pregnancy nested case control unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: Yes BZD Coexposure: Not specified Matched 2.02 [1.30;3.15] 33/100   27,116/161,354 27,149 100
ref
Total 4 studies 1.48 [1.12;1.97] 45,271 455
x1: number of endpoints among exposed, n1: number of exposed; x0: number of endpoints among non exposed, n0: number of non exposed; C: calculated odds ratio from numbers of events and effectives

Forest plot

StudyTE95% CIn casesn exposedweightROBABCDEF Meng, 2024Meng, 2024 1.39[1.17; 1.66]--36%ROB confusion: lowROB selection: lowROB classification: moderateROB missing: unclearROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Kitchin, 2022Kitchin, 2022 1.07[0.81; 1.40]18,07025930%ROB confusion: seriousROB selection: moderateROB classification: criticalROB missing: unclearROB mesure: criticalROB reporting: moderate Lee, 2022Lee, 2022 2.38[1.20; 4.69]529612%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: moderateROB classification: moderateROB missing: criticalROB mesure: unclearROB reporting: moderate Sheehy, 2019Sheehy, 2019 2.02[1.30; 3.15]27,14910021%ROB confusion: seriousROB selection: lowROB classification: moderateROB missing: unclearROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: critical Total (4 studies) I2 = 65% 1.48[1.12; 1.97]45,2714550.55.01.0ROB: A: confusion, B: selection, C: classification, D: missing, E: measurement, F: reportinglow,moderate,serious,critical,unclear,

Sensitivity analysis

SubsetTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2 Type of studies cohort studiescohort studies 1.64[1.01; 2.66]529655%NAMeng, 2024 Lee, 2022 2 case control studiescase control studies 1.43[0.77; 2.67]45,21935983%NAKitchin, 2022 Sheehy, 2019 2 Type of controls unexposed (disease free or unspecified)unexposed (disease free or unspecified) 1.63[0.96; 2.78]45,27145577%NAKitchin, 2022 Lee, 2022 Sheehy, 2019 3 unexposed, sickunexposed, sick 1.39[1.17; 1.66]-- -NAMeng, 2024 1 Tags Adjustment   - Yes  - Yes 1.48[1.12; 1.97]45,27145565%NAMeng, 2024 Kitchin, 2022 Lee, 2022 Sheehy, 2019 4 BZD Coexposure   - Not specified  - Not specified 1.48[1.12; 1.97]45,27145565%NAMeng, 2024 Kitchin, 2022 Lee, 2022 Sheehy, 2019 4 MatchedMatched 1.38[1.04; 1.83]45,21935967%NAMeng, 2024 Kitchin, 2022 Sheehy, 2019 3 All studiesAll studies 1.48[1.12; 1.97]45,27145565%NAMeng, 2024 Kitchin, 2022 Lee, 2022 Sheehy, 2019 40.55.01.0

Publication bias and p-hacking diagnosis

funnel plot
0.0-1.01.20.4170.000Meng, 2024Kitchin, 2022Lee, 2022Sheehy, 2019

Asymetry test p-value = NaN (by Egger's regression)

not enought points

p values plot
0.01.00.01.0

Sub-groups analysis using all included studies

excluded

Sub-groupsTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2ROB type of controls unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified)unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified) 1.63[0.96; 2.78]45,27145577%NAKitchin, 2022 Lee, 2022 Sheehy, 2019 3 unexposed, sick controlsunexposed, sick controls 1.39[1.17; 1.66]-- -NAMeng, 2024 10.510.01.0