Eslicarbazepine (All indications) updated on 04-22-2025

All congenital malformations (majors, minors, majors and minors, or unspecified)

id	Study   Auto Battino (Epilepsy), 2024The NAAED (Indications NOS) (Controls exposed to LTG), 2024The NAAED (Indications NOS) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2024The UKIEPR (Epilepsy) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine), 2024The UKIEPR (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2024	Lib. in paper	Exposition period  Auto during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)1st trimester2nd trimester3rd trimester2nd and/or 3rd trimesterthroughout pregnancyearly pregnancydays before deliverylate pregnancypreconception-onlypericonceptionalpreconceptional for kinetic reasonat least 1st trimester3 months (or more) before pregnancy or during pregnancy1st and 2nd trimester3 months or more before pregnancy or1st trimester	Study type  All studies Case control excluded Only case control	Control type    Auto unexposed (general population or NOS)unexposed, sickunexposed, disease freeexposed to other treatment, sicknot specifiedsiblingwhatever (meta-analysis)	Tags	OR 95%CI	x1/n1 x0/n0	no cases	no exposed	ROB	Ref.
S17172 R71997	Battino (Epilepsy), 2024	Major congenital malformations (MCMs)	early pregnancy	prospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick	Adjustment: No	2.42 [0.14;43.19] C	0/7   110/3,584	110	7		ref
S17173 R71999	The NAAED (Indications NOS) (Controls exposed to LTG), 2024	Major congenital malformations	1st trimester	prospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick excluded	Adjustment: No	2.41 [0.14;42.03] C excluded (control group)	0/10   52/2,461	52	10		ref
S17174 R72001	The NAAED (Indications NOS) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2024	Major congenital malformations	1st trimester	prospective cohort	unexposed, disease free	Adjustment: No	4.40 [0.25;78.96] C	0/10   15/1,311	15	10		ref
S17190 R72043	The UKIEPR (Epilepsy) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine), 2024	Major malformations	1st trimester	prospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick excluded	Adjustment: No	41.38 [0.81;2106.99] C excluded (control group)	0/1   49/2,098	49	1		ref
S17191 R72045	The UKIEPR (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2024	Major malformations	1st trimester	prospective cohort	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	39.07 [0.75;2043.68] C	0/1   13/541	13	1		ref
					Total	3 studies	5.49 [0.90;33.67]		138	18
x1: number of endpoints among exposed, n1: number of exposed; x0: number of endpoints among non exposed, n0: number of non exposed; C: calculated odds ratio from numbers of events and effectives

Forest plot

Sensitivity analysis

Publication bias and p-hacking diagnosis

Sub-groups analysis using all included studies

excluded 17173, 17190