Perampanel (All indications) updated on 04-22-2025

All congenital malformations (majors, minors, majors and minors, or unspecified)

id	Study   Auto The Australian Pregnancy Register of Antiepileptic Drugs (Mixed indications) (Controls exposed to LTG), 2024The Australian Pregnancy Register of Antiepileptic Drugs (Mixed indications) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2024The Kerala Registry for Epilepsy and Pregnancy (Epilepsy) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine), 2024The Kerala Registry for Epilepsy and Pregnancy (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2024The NAAED (Indications NOS) (Controls exposed to LTG), 2024The NAAED (Indications NOS) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2024The West China Registry (Epilepsy) (Controls exposed to LTG), 2024The West China Registry (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2024	Lib. in paper	Exposition period  Auto during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)1st trimester2nd trimester3rd trimester2nd and/or 3rd trimesterthroughout pregnancyearly pregnancydays before deliverylate pregnancypreconception-onlypericonceptionalpreconceptional for kinetic reasonat least 1st trimester3 months (or more) before pregnancy or during pregnancy1st and 2nd trimester3 months or more before pregnancy or1st trimester	Study type  All studies Case control excluded Only case control	Control type    Auto unexposed (general population or NOS)unexposed, sickunexposed, disease freeexposed to other treatment, sicknot specifiedsiblingwhatever (meta-analysis)	Tags	OR 95%CI	x1/n1 x0/n0	no cases	no exposed	ROB	Ref.
S17209 R72097	The Australian Pregnancy Register of Antiepileptic Drugs (Mixed indications) (Controls exposed to LTG), 2024	Major congenital malformations	at least 1st trimester	prospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick excluded	Adjustment: No	3.76 [0.17;80.92] C excluded (control group)	0/3   20/406	20	3		ref
S17210 R72099	The Australian Pregnancy Register of Antiepileptic Drugs (Mixed indications) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2024	Major congenital malformations	at least 1st trimester	prospective cohort	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	5.32 [0.23;120.81] C	0/3   7/207	7	3		ref
S17196 R72071	The Kerala Registry for Epilepsy and Pregnancy (Epilepsy) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine), 2024	Major congenital malformations	1st trimester	prospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick excluded	Adjustment: No	10.78 [0.30;390.33] C excluded (control group)	0/2   1/50	1	2		ref
S17197 R72073	The Kerala Registry for Epilepsy and Pregnancy (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2024	Major congenital malformations	1st trimester	prospective cohort	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	6.54 [0.26;166.65] C	0/2   16/340	16	2		ref
S17178 R72008	The NAAED (Indications NOS) (Controls exposed to LTG), 2024	Major congenital malformations	1st trimester	prospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick excluded	Adjustment: No	5.10 [0.27;95.90] C excluded (control group)	0/5   52/2,461	52	5		ref
S17179 R72010	The NAAED (Indications NOS) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2024	Major congenital malformations	1st trimester	prospective cohort	unexposed, disease free	Adjustment: No	9.29 [0.48;180.01] C	0/5   15/1,311	15	5		ref
S17221 R72121	The West China Registry (Epilepsy) (Controls exposed to LTG), 2024	Major congenital malformation	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	prospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick excluded	Adjustment: No	15.00 [0.24;926.88] C excluded (control group)	0/3   0/38	0	3		ref
S17222 R72123	The West China Registry (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2024	Major congenital malformation	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) excluded	prospective cohort	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	6.55 [0.29;148.57] C excluded (exposition period)	0/3   7/253	7	3		ref
					Total	3 studies	6.94 [1.16;41.64]		38	10
x1: number of endpoints among exposed, n1: number of exposed; x0: number of endpoints among non exposed, n0: number of non exposed; C: calculated odds ratio from numbers of events and effectives

Forest plot

Sensitivity analysis

Publication bias and p-hacking diagnosis

Sub-groups analysis using all included studies

excluded 17209, 17196, 17178, 17221