Clomiphene

All congenital malformations (majors, minors, majors and minors, or unspecified)

id	Study   Auto Nehard, 2024Weller, 2017Banhidy, 2008Mili, 1991	Lib. in paper	Exposition period  Auto during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)1st trimester2nd trimester3rd trimester2nd and/or 3rd trimesterthroughout pregnancyearly pregnancydays before deliverylate pregnancypreconception-onlypericonceptionalpreconceptional for kinetic reasonat least 1st trimester3 months (or more) before pregnancy or during pregnancy1st and 2nd trimester3 months or more before pregnancy or1st trimester	Study type  All studies Case control excluded Only case control	Control type    Auto unexposed (general population or NOS)unexposed, sickunexposed, disease freeexposed to other treatment, sicknot specifiedsiblingwhatever (meta-analysis)	Tags	OR 95%CI	x1/n1 x0/n0	no cases	no exposed	ROB	Ref.
S15758 R67024	Nehard, 2024	All congenital malformations (major and minor) (exclusion of chromosomal abnormalities or genetic defects)	1st trimester	prospective cohort	unexposed (general population or NOS)	Adjustment: No Clomiphene exposure: Inadvertently during the first trimester of pregnancy (< 12 SA). Clomiphene indications: Inadvertently treated during pregnancy Matched	1.86 [0.95;3.63] C	13/262   29/1,062	42	262		ref
S15680 R65588	Weller, 2017	All major malformations	preconceptional for kinetic reason	retrospective cohort	unexposed (general population or NOS)	Adjustment: Yes Clomiphene exposure: 2 months before conception through the first month of pregnancy Clomiphene indications: Not detailled but exclusion of in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatments	1.12 [0.91;1.38]	126/1,861   5,962/98,728	6,088	1,861		ref
S15714 R65586	Banhidy, 2008	Congenital abnormality	early pregnancy	case control	unexposed (general population or NOS)	Adjustment: No Clomiphene exposure: Inadvertently during the first and second months of pregnancy. Clomiphene indications: Inadvertently treated during pregnancy Matched	1.17 [0.85;1.59] C	67/163   22,776/60,831	22,843	163		ref
S15812 R65138	Mili, 1991	Birth defects	preconceptional for kinetic reason	case control	unexposed (general population or NOS)	Adjustment: Yes Clomiphene exposure: 1 month before to 3 months after the date of conception Clomiphene indications: Any or not specified	0.97 [0.55;1.71]	-/-   4,913/-	-	-		ref
					Total	4 studies	1.15 [0.98;1.35]		28,973	2,286
x1: number of endpoints among exposed, n1: number of exposed; x0: number of endpoints among non exposed, n0: number of non exposed; C: calculated odds ratio from numbers of events and effectives

Forest plot

Sensitivity analysis

Publication bias and p-hacking diagnosis

Sub-groups analysis using all included studies

excluded