Clomiphene

Major congenital malformations

R analysis
id Study   Lib. in paper Exposition period    Study type  Control type 
 
Tags OR 95%CI x1/n1 x0/n0 no cases no exposed ROB Ref.
S15758
R65134
Nehard, 2024 Major congenital malformations (exclusion of chromosomal abnormalities or genetic defects) 1st trimester prospective cohort unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: Yes Clomiphene exposure: Inadvertently during the first trimester of pregnancy (< 12 SA). Clomiphene indications: Inadvertently treated during pregnancy Matched 0.79 [0.23;2.74] 3/262   19/1,062 22 262
ref
S15680
R64745
Weller, 2017 All major malformations preconceptional for kinetic reason retrospective cohort unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: Yes Clomiphene exposure: 2 months before conception through the first month of pregnancy Clomiphene indications: Not detailled but exclusion of in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatments 1.12 [0.91;1.38] 126/1,861   5,962/98,728 6,088 1,861
ref
S15714
R64913
Banhidy, 2008 Congenital abnormality early pregnancy case control unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: No Clomiphene exposure: Inadvertently during the first and second months of pregnancy. Clomiphene indications: Inadvertently treated during pregnancy Matched 1.17 [0.85;1.59] C 67/163   22,776/60,831 22,843 163
ref
Total 3 studies 1.13 [0.95;1.34] 28,953 2,286
x1: number of endpoints among exposed, n1: number of exposed; x0: number of endpoints among non exposed, n0: number of non exposed; C: calculated odds ratio from numbers of events and effectives

Forest plot

StudyTE95% CIn casesn exposedweightROBABCDEF Nehard, 2024Nehard, 2024 0.79[0.23; 2.74]222622%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: moderateROB classification: unclearROB missing: moderateROB mesure: criticalROB reporting: moderate Weller, 2017Weller, 2017 1.12[0.91; 1.38]6,0881,86168%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: lowROB classification: criticalROB missing: unclearROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: critical Banhidy, 2008Banhidy, 2008 1.17[0.85; 1.59]22,84316330%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: criticalROB classification: moderateROB missing: unclearROB mesure: unclearROB reporting: moderate Total (3 studies) I2 = 0% 1.13[0.95; 1.34]28,9532,2860.25.01.0ROB: A: confusion, B: selection, C: classification, D: missing, E: measurement, F: reportinglow,moderate,serious,critical,unclear,

Sensitivity analysis

SubsetTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2 Type of studies cohort studiescohort studies 1.11[0.90; 1.36]6,1102,1230%NANehard, 2024 Weller, 2017 2 case control studiescase control studies 1.17[0.85; 1.59]22,843163 -NABanhidy, 2008 1 Type of controls unexposed (disease free or unspecified)unexposed (disease free or unspecified) 1.13[0.95; 1.34]28,9532,2860%NANehard, 2024 Weller, 2017 Banhidy, 2008 3 Tags Adjustment   - No  - No 1.17[0.85; 1.59]22,843163 -NABanhidy, 2008 1   - Yes  - Yes 1.11[0.90; 1.36]6,1102,1230%NANehard, 2024 Weller, 2017 2 Clomiphene exposure   - 2 months before conception through ...  - 2 months before conception through the first month of pregnancy 1.12[0.91; 1.38]6,0881,861 -NAWeller, 2017 1   - Inadvertently during the first and ...  - Inadvertently during the first and second months of pregnancy. 1.17[0.85; 1.59]22,843163 -NABanhidy, 2008 1   - Inadvertently during the first trim ...  - Inadvertently during the first trimester of pregnancy (< 12 SA). 0.79[0.23; 2.73]22262 -NANehard, 2024 1 Clomiphene indications   - Inadvertently treated during pregnancy  - Inadvertently treated during pregnancy 1.14[0.84; 1.54]22,8654250%NANehard, 2024 Banhidy, 2008 2   - Not detailled but exclusion of in v ...  - Not detailled but exclusion of in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatments 1.12[0.91; 1.38]6,0881,861 -NAWeller, 2017 1 MatchedMatched 1.14[0.84; 1.54]22,8654250%NANehard, 2024 Banhidy, 2008 2 All studiesAll studies 1.13[0.95; 1.34]28,9532,2860%NANehard, 2024 Weller, 2017 Banhidy, 2008 30.25.01.0

Publication bias and p-hacking diagnosis

funnel plot

Funnel plot not drawn. Less than 3 points.

Asymetry test p-value = NaN (by Egger's regression)

not enought points

p values plot

Funnel plot not drawn. Less than 3 points.

Sub-groups analysis using all included studies

excluded

Sub-groupsTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2ROB type of controls unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified)unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified) 1.13[0.95; 1.34]28,9532,2860%NANehard, 2024 Weller, 2017 Banhidy, 2008 30.510.01.0