Proton Pump Inhibitors updated on 08-08-2023

ADHD (Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder): Diagnosis

R analysis
id Study   Lib. in paper Exposition period    Study type 
 Control type 
 
Tags OR 95%CI x1/n1 x0/n0 no cases no exposed ROB Ref.
S18823
R80099		 Hong, 2026 Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ICD-10 code F90) - Mean follow-up 10.3 (SD, 2.3) years (min: 6 years) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) population based cohort retrospective unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: Yes 1.31 [1.24;1.38] 1,402/29,378   92,492/2,269,274 93,894 29,378
ref
Total 1 studies 1.31 [1.24;1.38] 93,894 29,378
x1: number of endpoints among exposed, n1: number of exposed; x0: number of endpoints among non exposed, n0: number of non exposed; C: calculated odds ratio from numbers of events and effectives

Forest plot

StudyTE95% CIn casesn exposedweightROBABCDEF Hong, 2026Hong, 2026 1.31[1.24; 1.38]93,89429,3780%ROB confusion: seriousROB selection: lowROB classification: moderateROB missing: unclearROB mesure: criticalROB reporting: moderate0.55.01.0ROB: A: confounding, B: selection, C: classification, D: missing, E: measurement, F: reportinglow,moderate,serious,critical,unclear,

Sensitivity analysis

SubsetTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2 Type of studies cohort studiescohort studies 1.31[1.24; 1.38]93,89429,378 -NAHong, 2026 1 case control studiescase control studies 0 Type of controls unexposed (disease free or unspecified)unexposed (disease free or unspecified) 1.31[1.24; 1.38]93,89429,378 -NAHong, 2026 1 Tags Adjustment   - Yes  - Yes 1.31[1.24; 1.38]93,89429,378 -NAHong, 2026 1 All studiesAll studies 1.31[1.24; 1.38]93,89429,378 -NAHong, 2026 10.55.01.0

Publication bias and p-hacking diagnosis

funnel plot

Funnel plot not drawn. Less than 3 points.

Asymetry test p-value = NaN (by Egger's regression)

not enought points

p values plot

Funnel plot not drawn. Less than 3 points.

Sub-groups analysis using all included studies

excluded

Sub-groupsTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2ROB type of controls unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified)unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified) 1.31[1.24; 1.38]93,89429,378 -NAHong, 2026 10.510.01.0