Tenofovir (all routes except local)

Preterm (< 37 weeks)

R analysis
id Study   Lib. in paper Exposition period    Study type 
 Control type 
 
Tags OR 95%CI x1/n1 x0/n0 no cases no exposed ROB Ref.
S5249
R13571		 Seidel, 2020 Prematurity (< 37completed gestational weeks) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) retrospective cohort exposed to other treatment, sick Adjustment: No Control group: zidovudine-based Exposed group: TDF (mix or unspecified regimens) Indication: HIV 1.23 [0.60;2.50] C 18/106   18/126 36 106
ref
S5739
R14245		 Chang, 2019 Preterm delivery (< 37 weeks) 3rd trimester prospective cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: No Control group: Unexposed, sick Exposed group: TDF (only) Indication: CHB 1.33 [0.49;3.59] C 11/110   7/91 18 110
ref
S5238
R13532		 Dadabhai, 2019 Preterm birth (< 37 weeks of gestation) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) retrospective cohort unexposed, disease free Adjustment: Yes Control group: Unexposed, disease free Exposed group: TDF/lamivudine/efavirenz Indication: HIV 1.10 [0.73;1.65] 65/614   65/685 130 614
ref
S5152
R13434		 Ejigu, 2019 Preterm birth (< 37 weeks of gestation) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) retrospective cohort exposed to other treatment, sick Adjustment: Yes Control group: zidovudine-based Exposed group: TDF (mix or unspecified regimens) Indication: HIV 0.86 [0.62;1.20] 172/1,004   71/379 243 1,004
ref
S5175
R13491		 Liu (Controls exposed to LDT), 2019 Preterm birth (NOS) 3rd trimester prospective cohort exposed to other treatment, sick excluded Adjustment: No Control group: telbivudine Exposed group: TDF (only) Indication: CHB 1.03 [0.44;2.41] C
excluded (control group) 		10/325   12/400 22 325
ref
S5174
R13484		 Liu (Controls unexposed, sick), 2019 Preterm birth (NOS) 3rd trimester prospective cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: No Control group: Unexposed, sick Exposed group: TDF (only) Indication: CHB 2.13 [0.46;9.84] C 10/325   2/136 12 325
ref
S5189
R13503		 The EPPICC study group, 2019 Preterm delivery (< 37 weeks of gestation) 2nd and/or 3rd trimester cohort exposed to other treatment, sick Adjustment: Yes Control group: zidovudine/lamivudine-based Exposed group: TDF (mix or unspecified regimens) Indication: HIV 1.06 [0.83;1.35] 118/1,122   516/5,122 634 1,122
ref
S5145
R13412		 Caniglia, 2018 Preterm delivery (<37 weeks) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) retrospective cohort exposed to other treatment, sick Adjustment: Yes Control group: zidovudine/lamivudine/nevirapine Exposed group: TDF/emtracitabine/efavirenz Indication: HIV 0.71 [0.60;0.85] 219/1,108   176/637 395 1,108
ref
S5144
R13444		 Chetty, 2018 Preterm (< 37 weeks of gestation) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) retrospective cohort exposed to other treatment, sick Adjustment: Yes Control group: zidovudine Exposed group: TDF/(emtracitabine or lamivudine)/efavirenz Indication: HIV 0.97 [0.63;1.47] 106/959   50/528 156 959
ref
S5134
R13382		 Floridia, 2018 Preterm delivery (< 37 weeks) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) cohort exposed to other treatment, sick Adjustment: No Control group: Abacavir/Lamivudine-based Exposed group: TDF/emtricitabine-based Indication: HIV 0.79 [0.53;1.18] 94/573   43/216 137 573
ref
S5154
R13473		 Heffron, 2018 Preterm delivery (< 37 weeks) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) prospective cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: Yes Control group: Unexposed, sick Exposed group: TDF (mix or unspecified regimens) Indication: PrEP 0.22 [0.01;4.15] C 0/25   5/65 5 25
ref
S5304
R13741		 Jourdain a, 2018 Preterm birth (<37 weeks) 3rd trimester randomized controlled trial unexposed, sick Adjustment: Randomisation Control group: Unexposed, sick Exposed group: TDF (only) Indication: CHB 0.59 [0.24;1.46] C 8/162   13/160 21 162
ref
S5321
R13794		 Lin, 2018 Preterm birth (NOS) 3rd trimester randomized controlled trial unexposed, sick Adjustment: Randomisation Control group: Unexposed, sick Exposed group: TDF (only) Indication: CHB 0.43 [0.04;4.90] C 1/59   2/52 3 59
ref
S5155
R13461		 Rough, 2018 Preterm birth (delivery before 37 weeks of completed gestation) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) prospective cohort exposed to other treatment, sick Adjustment: Yes Control group: zidovudine/lamivudine-based Exposed group: TDF/emtricitabine-based Indication: HIV 0.77 [0.62;0.96] 170/960   311/1,593 481 960
ref
S5737
R14235		 Wakano (Controls exposed to lamivudine), 2018 Preterm (NOS) 2nd and/or 3rd trimester prospective cohort exposed to other treatment, sick excluded Adjustment: No Control group: Lamivudine Exposed group: TDF (only) Indication: CHB 1.67 [0.02;137.36] C
excluded (control group) 		0/2   0/3 0 2
ref
S5738
R14239		 Wakano (Controls unexposed, sick), 2018 Preterm (NOS) 2nd and/or 3rd trimester prospective cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: No Control group: Unexposed, sick Exposed group: TDF (only) Indication: CHB 1.67 [0.02;137.36] C 0/2   0/3 0 2
ref
S5211
R13513		 Malaba, 2017 Preterm delivery (<37 weeks’ gestation) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) prospective cohort unexposed, disease free Adjustment: Yes Control group: Unexposed, disease free Exposed group: TDF/emtricitabine-based Indication: HIV 2.03 [1.33;3.10] 285/1,271   36/278 321 1,271
ref
S5153
R13442		 Pintye, 2017 Preterm birth (<37 weeks at birth) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) prospective cohort exposed to other treatment, sick Adjustment: Yes Control group: zidovudine/lamivudine-based Exposed group: TDF/lamivudine-based Indication: PrEP 0.34 [0.13;0.85] 10/-   20/- 30 -
ref
S5258
R13590		 Zash (Controls exposed to other treatments), 2017 Preterm birth (< 37 weeks of gestation) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) retrospective cohort exposed to other treatment, sick Adjustment: No Control group: zidovudine/lamivudine-based Exposed group: TDF (mix or unspecified regimens) Indication: HIV 0.79 [0.68;0.91] C 729/3,463   387/1,532 1,116 3,463
ref
S5131
R13341		 Fowler, 2016 Preterm birth (< 37 weeks of gestation) 2nd and/or 3rd trimester randomized controlled trial exposed to other treatment, sick Adjustment: Randomisation Control group: zidovudine/lamivudine/lopinavir–ritonavir Exposed group: TDF/emtricitabine/lopinavir–ritonavir Indication: HIV 0.93 [0.63;1.36] C 62/335   68/346 130 335
ref
S5319
R13759		 Kolgelier, 2016 Preterm birth (< 37 weeks of gestation) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) retrospective cohort exposed to other treatment, sick Adjustment: No Control group: Lamivudine Exposed group: TDF (only) Indication: CHB 0.02 [0.00;1.43] C 0/9   1/2 1 9
ref
S5136
R13400		 Moodley (Controls exposed to other treatments), 2016 Pre-term (< 37 weeks) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) retrospective cohort exposed to other treatment, sick excluded Adjustment: No Control group: zidovudine/nevirapine Exposed group: TDF/emtracitabine/efavirenz Indication: HIV 1.06 [0.87;1.29] C
excluded (control group) 		351/1,666   196/974 547 1,666
ref
S5138
R13406		 Moodley (Controls unexposed, sick), 2016 Pre-term (< 37 weeks) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) retrospective cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: Yes Control group: Unexposed, sick Exposed group: TDF/emtracitabine/efavirenz Indication: HIV 0.31 [0.11;0.90] 351/1,666   48/148 399 1,666
ref
S5259
R13603		 Pan, 2016 Preterm delivery late pregnancy randomized controlled trial unexposed, sick Adjustment: Randomisation Control group: Unexposed, sick Exposed group: TDF (only) Indication: CHB 2.08 [0.19;23.37] C 2/97   1/100 3 97
ref
S5240
R13541		 Samadi Kochaksaraei, 2016 Prematurity during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) prospective cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: No Control group: Unexposed, sick Exposed group: TDF (only) Indication: CHB 4.54 [0.72;28.78] C 2/23   3/146 5 23
ref
S5140
R13448		 Zash, 2016 Preterm (< 37 weeks) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) retrospective cohort exposed to other treatment, sick Adjustment: Yes Control group: non-TDF (mix or unspecified regimens) Exposed group: TDF/emtracitabine/efavirenz Indication: HIV 0.70 [0.50;1.10] 192/1,054   450/2,172 642 1,054
ref
S5239
R13538		 Bagkeris, 2015 Preterm delivery (< 37 completed gestational weeks) 2nd and/or 3rd trimester prospective cohort exposed to other treatment, sick Adjustment: Yes Control group: zidovudine or lamiduvine-based Exposed group: TDF (mix or unspecified regimens) Indication: HIV 0.83 [0.38;1.79] -/123   -/2,204 - 123
ref
S5291
R13651		 Calitri, 2014 Preterm (< 37 weeks of gestation) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) prospective cohort exposed to other treatment, sick Adjustment: No Control group: non-TDF (mix or unspecified regimens) Exposed group: TDF (mix or unspecified regimens) Indication: HIV 0.32 [0.05;2.11] C 2/12   5/13 7 12
ref
S5244
R13566		 Greenup (Controls exposed to lamivudine), 2014 Prematurity 2nd and/or 3rd trimester prospective cohort exposed to other treatment, sick excluded Adjustment: No Control group: Lamivudine Exposed group: TDF (only) Indication: CHB 0.29 [0.03;2.90] C
excluded (control group) 		1/58   3/53 4 58
ref
S5243
R13567		 Greenup (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 Prematurity 2nd and/or 3rd trimester prospective cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: No Control group: Unexposed, sick Exposed group: TDF (only) Indication: CHB 1.04 [0.04;26.49] C 1/58   0/20 1 58
ref
S5265
R13635		 Mugo, 2014 Preterm birth (<37 weeks’ gestation) early pregnancy randomized controlled trial unexposed, sick Adjustment: Randomisation Control group: Unexposed, sick Exposed group: TDF (only) Indication: PrEP 0.42 [0.11;1.61] C 4/119   5/65 9 119
ref
S5127
R13321		 Ransom, 2013 Preterm birth (< 37 weeks of gestation) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) prospective cohort exposed to other treatment, sick Adjustment: No Control group: non-TDF (mix or unspecified regimens) Exposed group: TDF (mix or unspecified regimens) Indication: HIV 1.15 [0.90;1.47] C 117/650   232/1,450 349 650
ref
S5122
R13296		 Gibb, 2012 Premature (gestation < 37 weeks) throughout pregnancy prospective cohort exposed to other treatment, sick Adjustment: No Control group: zidovudine/lamivudine-based Exposed group: TDF/zidovudine/lamivudine Indication: HIV 0.82 [0.32;2.08] C 13/140   8/72 21 140
ref
Total 29 studies 0.89 [0.78;1.02] 5,305 16,149
x1: number of endpoints among exposed, n1: number of exposed; x0: number of endpoints among non exposed, n0: number of non exposed; C: calculated odds ratio from numbers of events and effectives

Forest plot

StudyTE95% CIn casesn exposedweightROBABCDEF Seidel, 2020Seidel, 2020 1.23[0.60; 2.50]361063%ROB confusion: NAROB selection: NAROB classification: NAROB missing: NAROB mesure: NAROB reporting: NA Chang, 2019Chang, 2019 1.33[0.49; 3.59]181102%ROB confusion: NAROB selection: NAROB classification: NAROB missing: NAROB mesure: NAROB reporting: NA Dadabhai, 2019Dadabhai, 2019 1.10[0.73; 1.65]1306145%ROB confusion: NAROB selection: NAROB classification: NAROB missing: NAROB mesure: NAROB reporting: NA Ejigu, 2019Ejigu, 2019 0.86[0.62; 1.20]2431,0047%ROB confusion: NAROB selection: NAROB classification: NAROB missing: NAROB mesure: NAROB reporting: NA Liu (Controls unexposed, sick), 2019Liu, 2019 1 2.13[0.46; 9.84]123251%ROB confusion: NAROB selection: NAROB classification: NAROB missing: NAROB mesure: NAROB reporting: NA The EPPICC study group, 2019The EPPICC study group, 2019 1.06[0.83; 1.35]6341,1228%ROB confusion: NAROB selection: NAROB classification: NAROB missing: NAROB mesure: NAROB reporting: NA Caniglia, 2018Caniglia, 2018 0.71[0.60; 0.85]3951,1089%ROB confusion: NAROB selection: NAROB classification: NAROB missing: NAROB mesure: NAROB reporting: NA Chetty, 2018Chetty, 2018 0.97[0.63; 1.47]1569595%ROB confusion: NAROB selection: NAROB classification: NAROB missing: NAROB mesure: NAROB reporting: NA Floridia, 2018Floridia, 2018 0.79[0.53; 1.18]1375736%ROB confusion: NAROB selection: NAROB classification: NAROB missing: NAROB mesure: NAROB reporting: NA Heffron, 2018Heffron, 2018 0.22[0.01; 4.15]5250%ROB confusion: NAROB selection: NAROB classification: NAROB missing: NAROB mesure: NAROB reporting: NA Jourdain a, 2018Jourdain a, 2018 0.59[0.24; 1.46]211622%ROB confusion: NAROB selection: NAROB classification: NAROB missing: NAROB mesure: NAROB reporting: NA Lin, 2018Lin, 2018 0.43[0.04; 4.90]3590%ROB confusion: NAROB selection: NAROB classification: NAROB missing: NAROB mesure: NAROB reporting: NA Rough, 2018Rough, 2018 0.77[0.62; 0.96]4819608%ROB confusion: NAROB selection: NAROB classification: NAROB missing: NAROB mesure: NAROB reporting: NA Wakano (Controls unexposed, sick), 2018Wakano, 2018 2 1.67[0.02; 137.36]020%ROB confusion: NAROB selection: NAROB classification: NAROB missing: NAROB mesure: NAROB reporting: NA Malaba, 2017Malaba, 2017 2.03[1.33; 3.10]3211,2715%ROB confusion: NAROB selection: NAROB classification: NAROB missing: NAROB mesure: NAROB reporting: NA Pintye, 2017Pintye, 2017 0.34[0.13; 0.85]30-2%ROB confusion: NAROB selection: NAROB classification: NAROB missing: NAROB mesure: NAROB reporting: NA Zash (Controls exposed to other treatments), 2017Zash, 2017 3 0.79[0.68; 0.91]1,1163,46310%ROB confusion: NAROB selection: NAROB classification: NAROB missing: NAROB mesure: NAROB reporting: NA Fowler, 2016Fowler, 2016 0.93[0.63; 1.36]1303356%ROB confusion: NAROB selection: NAROB classification: NAROB missing: NAROB mesure: NAROB reporting: NA Kolgelier, 2016Kolgelier, 2016 0.02[0.00; 1.43]190%ROB confusion: NAROB selection: NAROB classification: NAROB missing: NAROB mesure: NAROB reporting: NA Moodley (Controls unexposed, sick), 2016Moodley, 2016 4 0.31[0.11; 0.90]3991,6661%ROB confusion: NAROB selection: NAROB classification: NAROB missing: NAROB mesure: NAROB reporting: NA Pan, 2016Pan, 2016 2.08[0.19; 23.37]3970%ROB confusion: NAROB selection: NAROB classification: NAROB missing: NAROB mesure: NAROB reporting: NA Samadi Kochaksaraei, 2016Samadi Kochaksaraei, 2016 4.54[0.72; 28.78]5230%ROB confusion: NAROB selection: NAROB classification: NAROB missing: NAROB mesure: NAROB reporting: NA Zash, 2016Zash, 2016 0.70[0.50; 1.10]6421,0546%ROB confusion: NAROB selection: NAROB classification: NAROB missing: NAROB mesure: NAROB reporting: NA Bagkeris, 2015Bagkeris, 2015 0.83[0.38; 1.79]-1232%ROB confusion: NAROB selection: NAROB classification: NAROB missing: NAROB mesure: NAROB reporting: NA Calitri, 2014Calitri, 2014 0.32[0.05; 2.11]7120%ROB confusion: NAROB selection: NAROB classification: NAROB missing: NAROB mesure: NAROB reporting: NA Greenup (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014Greenup, 2014 5 1.04[0.04; 26.49]1580%ROB confusion: NAROB selection: NAROB classification: NAROB missing: NAROB mesure: NAROB reporting: NA Mugo, 2014Mugo, 2014 0.42[0.11; 1.61]91191%ROB confusion: NAROB selection: NAROB classification: NAROB missing: NAROB mesure: NAROB reporting: NA Ransom, 2013Ransom, 2013 1.15[0.90; 1.47]3496508%ROB confusion: NAROB selection: NAROB classification: NAROB missing: NAROB mesure: NAROB reporting: NA Gibb, 2012Gibb, 2012 0.82[0.32; 2.08]211402%ROB confusion: NAROB selection: NAROB classification: NAROB missing: NAROB mesure: NAROB reporting: NA Total (29 studies) I2 = 50% 0.89[0.78; 1.02]5,30516,1490.010.01.0ROB: A: confusion, B: selection, C: classification, D: missing, E: measurement, F: reportinglow,moderate,serious,critical,unclear,

1: Controls unexposed, sick; 2: Controls unexposed, sick; 3: Controls exposed to other treatments; 4: Controls unexposed, sick; 5: Controls unexposed, sick;

Sensitivity analysis

SubsetTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2 Type of studies cohort studiescohort studies 0.90[0.78; 1.04]5,13915,37756%NASeidel, 2020 Chang, 2019 Dadabhai, 2019 Ejigu, 2019 Liu (Controls unexposed, sick), 2019 The EPPICC study group, 2019 Caniglia, 2018 Chetty, 2018 Floridia, 2018 Heffron, 2018 Rough, 2018 Wakano (Controls unexposed, sick), 2018 Malaba, 2017 Pintye, 2017 Zash (Controls exposed to other treatments), 2017 Kolgelier, 2016 Moodley (Controls unexposed, sick), 2016 Samadi Kochaksaraei, 2016 Zash, 2016 Bagkeris, 2015 Calitri, 2014 Greenup (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 Ransom, 2013 Gibb, 2012 24 case control studiescase control studies 0 RCTRCT 0.83[0.60; 1.16]1667720%NAJourdain a, 2018 Lin, 2018 Fowler, 2016 Pan, 2016 Mugo, 2014 5 Type of controls unexposed (disease free or unspecified)unexposed (disease free or unspecified) 1.49[0.82; 2.72]4511,88576%NADadabhai, 2019 Malaba, 2017 2 unexposed, sickunexposed, sick 0.80[0.47; 1.35]4762,64618%NAChang, 2019 Liu (Controls unexposed, sick), 2019 Heffron, 2018 Jourdain a, 2018 Lin, 2018 Wakano (Controls unexposed, sick), 2018 Moodley (Controls unexposed, sick), 2016 Pan, 2016 Samadi Kochaksaraei, 2016 Greenup (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 Mugo, 2014 11 exposed to other treatment, sickexposed to other treatment, sick 0.84[0.75; 0.95]4,37811,61840%NASeidel, 2020 Ejigu, 2019 The EPPICC study group, 2019 Caniglia, 2018 Chetty, 2018 Floridia, 2018 Rough, 2018 Pintye, 2017 Zash (Controls exposed to other treatments), 2017 Fowler, 2016 Kolgelier, 2016 Zash, 2016 Bagkeris, 2015 Calitri, 2014 Ransom, 2013 Gibb, 2012 16 Tags Adjustment   - No  - No 0.95[0.76; 1.20]1,7035,47136%NASeidel, 2020 Chang, 2019 Liu (Controls unexposed, sick), 2019 Floridia, 2018 Wakano (Controls unexposed, sick), 2018 Zash (Controls exposed to other treatments), 2017 Kolgelier, 2016 Samadi Kochaksaraei, 2016 Calitri, 2014 Greenup (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 Ransom, 2013 Gibb, 2012 12   - Randomisation  - Randomisation 0.83[0.60; 1.16]1667720%NAJourdain a, 2018 Lin, 2018 Fowler, 2016 Pan, 2016 Mugo, 2014 5   - Yes  - Yes 0.87[0.71; 1.06]3,4369,90669%NADadabhai, 2019 Ejigu, 2019 The EPPICC study group, 2019 Caniglia, 2018 Chetty, 2018 Heffron, 2018 Rough, 2018 Malaba, 2017 Pintye, 2017 Moodley (Controls unexposed, sick), 2016 Zash, 2016 Bagkeris, 2015 12 Control group   - Abacavir/Lamivudine-based  - Abacavir/Lamivudine-based 0.79[0.53; 1.18]137573 -NAFloridia, 2018 1   - Lamivudine  - Lamivudine 0.02[0.00; 1.43]19 -NAKolgelier, 2016 1   - non-TDF (mix or unspecified regimens)  - non-TDF (mix or unspecified regimens) 0.86[0.53; 1.40]9981,71666%NAZash, 2016 Calitri, 2014 Ransom, 2013 3   - Unexposed, disease free  - Unexposed, disease free 1.49[0.82; 2.72]4511,88576%NADadabhai, 2019 Malaba, 2017 2   - Unexposed, sick  - Unexposed, sick 0.80[0.47; 1.35]4762,64618%NAChang, 2019 Liu (Controls unexposed, sick), 2019 Heffron, 2018 Jourdain a, 2018 Lin, 2018 Wakano (Controls unexposed, sick), 2018 Moodley (Controls unexposed, sick), 2016 Pan, 2016 Samadi Kochaksaraei, 2016 Greenup (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 Mugo, 2014 11   - zidovudine  - zidovudine 0.97[0.64; 1.48]156959 -NAChetty, 2018 1   - zidovudine or lamiduvine-based  - zidovudine or lamiduvine-based 0.83[0.38; 1.80]-123 -NABagkeris, 2015 1   - zidovudine/lamivudine/lopinavir–rit ...  - zidovudine/lamivudine/lopinavir–ritonavir 0.93[0.63; 1.36]130335 -NAFowler, 2016 1   - zidovudine/lamivudine/nevirapine  - zidovudine/lamivudine/nevirapine 0.71[0.60; 0.85]3951,108 -NACaniglia, 2018 1   - zidovudine/lamivudine-based  - zidovudine/lamivudine-based 0.82[0.68; 0.99]2,2825,68552%NAThe EPPICC study group, 2019 Rough, 2018 Pintye, 2017 Zash (Controls exposed to other treatments), 2017 Gibb, 2012 5   - zidovudine-based  - zidovudine-based 0.92[0.68; 1.24]2791,1100%NASeidel, 2020 Ejigu, 2019 2 Exposed group   - TDF (mix or unspecified regimens)  - TDF (mix or unspecified regimens) 0.94[0.79; 1.11]2,3906,50541%NASeidel, 2020 Ejigu, 2019 The EPPICC study group, 2019 Heffron, 2018 Zash (Controls exposed to other treatments), 2017 Bagkeris, 2015 Calitri, 2014 Ransom, 2013 8   - TDF (only)  - TDF (only) 0.96[0.53; 1.73]7396417%NAChang, 2019 Liu (Controls unexposed, sick), 2019 Jourdain a, 2018 Lin, 2018 Wakano (Controls unexposed, sick), 2018 Kolgelier, 2016 Pan, 2016 Samadi Kochaksaraei, 2016 Greenup (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 Mugo, 2014 10   - TDF/(emtracitabine or lamivudine)/e ...  - TDF/(emtracitabine or lamivudine)/efavirenz 0.97[0.64; 1.48]156959 -NAChetty, 2018 1   - TDF/emtracitabine/efavirenz  - TDF/emtracitabine/efavirenz 0.69[0.56; 0.84]1,4363,82814%NACaniglia, 2018 Moodley (Controls unexposed, sick), 2016 Zash, 2016 3   - TDF/emtricitabine/lopinavir–ritonavir  - TDF/emtricitabine/lopinavir–ritonavir 0.93[0.63; 1.36]130335 -NAFowler, 2016 1   - TDF/emtricitabine-based  - TDF/emtricitabine-based 1.05[0.60; 1.86]9392,80488%NAFloridia, 2018 Rough, 2018 Malaba, 2017 3   - TDF/lamivudine/efavirenz  - TDF/lamivudine/efavirenz 1.10[0.73; 1.65]130614 -NADadabhai, 2019 1   - TDF/lamivudine-based  - TDF/lamivudine-based 0.34[0.13; 0.87]30- -NAPintye, 2017 1   - TDF/zidovudine/lamivudine  - TDF/zidovudine/lamivudine 0.82[0.32; 2.08]21140 -NAGibb, 2012 1 Indication   - CHB  - CHB 1.10[0.59; 2.04]6484513%NAChang, 2019 Liu (Controls unexposed, sick), 2019 Jourdain a, 2018 Lin, 2018 Wakano (Controls unexposed, sick), 2018 Kolgelier, 2016 Pan, 2016 Samadi Kochaksaraei, 2016 Greenup (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 9   - HIV  - HIV 0.90[0.79; 1.03]5,19715,16060%NASeidel, 2020 Dadabhai, 2019 Ejigu, 2019 The EPPICC study group, 2019 Caniglia, 2018 Chetty, 2018 Floridia, 2018 Rough, 2018 Malaba, 2017 Zash (Controls exposed to other treatments), 2017 Fowler, 2016 Moodley (Controls unexposed, sick), 2016 Zash, 2016 Bagkeris, 2015 Calitri, 2014 Ransom, 2013 Gibb, 2012 17   - PrEP  - PrEP 0.35[0.17; 0.74]441440%NAHeffron, 2018 Pintye, 2017 Mugo, 2014 3 All studiesAll studies 0.89[0.78; 1.02]5,30516,14950%NASeidel, 2020 Chang, 2019 Dadabhai, 2019 Ejigu, 2019 Liu (Controls unexposed, sick), 2019 The EPPICC study group, 2019 Caniglia, 2018 Chetty, 2018 Floridia, 2018 Heffron, 2018 Jourdain a, 2018 Lin, 2018 Rough, 2018 Wakano (Controls unexposed, sick), 2018 Malaba, 2017 Pintye, 2017 Zash (Controls exposed to other treatments), 2017 Fowler, 2016 Kolgelier, 2016 Moodley (Controls unexposed, sick), 2016 Pan, 2016 Samadi Kochaksaraei, 2016 Zash, 2016 Bagkeris, 2015 Calitri, 2014 Greenup (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 Mugo, 2014 Ransom, 2013 Gibb, 2012 290.010.01.0

Publication bias and p-hacking diagnosis

funnel plot
0.0-5.35.22.7010.000Seidel, 2020Chang, 2019Dadabhai, 2019Ejigu, 2019Liu (Controls unexposed, sick), 2019The EPPICC study group, 2019Caniglia, 2018Chetty, 2018Floridia, 2018Heffron, 2018Jourdain a, 2018Lin, 2018Rough, 2018Wakano (Controls unexposed, sick), 2018Malaba, 2017Pintye, 2017Zash (Controls exposed to other treatments), 2017Fowler, 2016Kolgelier, 2016Moodley (Controls unexposed, sick), 2016Pan, 2016Samadi Kochaksaraei, 2016Zash, 2016Bagkeris, 2015Calitri, 2014Greenup (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014Mugo, 2014Ransom, 2013Gibb, 2012

Asymetry test p-value = 0.9965 (by Egger's regression)

slope=-0.1567 (0.0781); intercept=0.0265 (0.3968); t=0.0668; p=0.9965

p values plot
0.01.00.01.0

Sub-groups analysis using all included studies

excluded 5244, 5136, 5737, 5175

Sub-groupsTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2ROB type of controls unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified)unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified) 1.49[0.82; 2.72]4511,88576%NADadabhai, 2019 Malaba, 2017 2 unexposed, sick controlsunexposed, sick controls 0.80[0.47; 1.35]4762,64618%NAChang, 2019 Liu (Controls unexposed, sick), 2019 Heffron, 2018 Jourdain a, 2018 Lin, 2018 Wakano (Controls unexposed, sick), 2018 Moodley (Controls unexposed, sick), 2016 Pan, 2016 Samadi Kochaksaraei, 2016 Greenup (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 Mugo, 2014 11 exposed to other treatment, sick controlsexposed to other treatment, sick controls 0.87[0.78; 0.97]4,95113,66939%NASeidel, 2020 Ejigu, 2019 Liu (Controls exposed to LDT), 2019 The EPPICC study group, 2019 Caniglia, 2018 Chetty, 2018 Floridia, 2018 Rough, 2018 Wakano (Controls exposed to lamivudine), 2018 Pintye, 2017 Zash (Controls exposed to other treatments), 2017 Fowler, 2016 Kolgelier, 2016 Moodley (Controls exposed to other treatments), 2016 Zash, 2016 Bagkeris, 2015 Calitri, 2014 Greenup (Controls exposed to lamivudine), 2014 Ransom, 2013 Gibb, 2012 200.510.01.0