Thiopurines (Azathioprine, Mercaptopurin) updated on 07-28-2025

Learning disorders

R analysis
id Study   Lib. in paper Exposition period    Study type 
 Control type 
 
Tags OR 95%CI x1/n1 x0/n0 no cases no exposed ROB Ref.
S13740
R53548		 Reynolds, 2022 Special schooling - Median 3.23 years old (1.14, 6.88) throughout pregnancy retrospective cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: No Indications: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) 1.13 [0.20;6.29] C 2/87   4/196 6 87
ref
S12240
R46244		 Lazzaroni, 2020 Learning disabilities - Certified by a child neurologist or psychiatrist - At at least 6 years old during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) retrospective cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: No Indications: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) Matched 0.17 [0.01;3.13] C 0/27   6/65 6 27
ref
S7056
R44740		 Marder, 2013 Aid with reading - At age ≥ 2 years during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) retrospective cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: No Indications: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) 0.50 [0.02;10.28] C 0/13   3/47 3 13
ref
Total 3 studies 0.65 [0.17;2.46] 15 127
x1: number of endpoints among exposed, n1: number of exposed; x0: number of endpoints among non exposed, n0: number of non exposed; C: calculated odds ratio from numbers of events and effectives

Forest plot

StudyTE95% CIn casesn exposedweightROBABCDEF Reynolds, 2022Reynolds, 2022 1.13[0.20; 6.29]68760%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: unclearROB classification: moderateROB missing: lowROB mesure: criticalROB reporting: moderate Lazzaroni, 2020Lazzaroni, 2020 0.17[0.01; 3.13]62721%ROB confusion: seriousROB selection: unclearROB classification: criticalROB missing: lowROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Marder, 2013Marder, 2013 0.50[0.02; 10.28]31319%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: moderateROB classification: criticalROB missing: moderateROB mesure: criticalROB reporting: moderate Total (3 studies) I2 = 0% 0.65[0.17; 2.46]151270.05.01.0ROB: A: confusion, B: selection, C: classification, D: missing, E: measurement, F: reportinglow,moderate,serious,critical,unclear,

Sensitivity analysis

SubsetTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2 Type of studies cohort studiescohort studies 0.65[0.17; 2.46]151270%NAReynolds, 2022 Lazzaroni, 2020 Marder, 2013 3 case control studiescase control studies 0 Type of controls unexposed, sickunexposed, sick 0.65[0.17; 2.46]151270%NAReynolds, 2022 Lazzaroni, 2020 Marder, 2013 3 Tags Adjustment   - No  - No 0.65[0.17; 2.46]151270%NAReynolds, 2022 Lazzaroni, 2020 Marder, 2013 3 Indications   - Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)  - Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) 0.65[0.17; 2.46]151270%NAReynolds, 2022 Lazzaroni, 2020 Marder, 2013 3 MatchedMatched 0.17[0.01; 3.13]627 -NALazzaroni, 2020 1 All studiesAll studies 0.65[0.17; 2.46]151270%NAReynolds, 2022 Lazzaroni, 2020 Marder, 2013 30.05.01.0

Publication bias and p-hacking diagnosis

funnel plot

Funnel plot not drawn. Less than 3 points.

Asymetry test p-value = NaN (by Egger's regression)

not enought points

p values plot

Funnel plot not drawn. Less than 3 points.

Sub-groups analysis using all included studies

excluded

Sub-groupsTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2ROB type of controls unexposed, sick controlsunexposed, sick controls 0.65[0.17; 2.46]151270%NAReynolds, 2022 Lazzaroni, 2020 Marder, 2013 30.510.01.0