Thiopurines (Azathioprine, Mercaptopurin) updated on 07-28-2025

ADHD (Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder): Diagnosis/Risk

R analysis
id Study   Lib. in paper Exposition period    Study type 
 Control type 
 
Tags OR 95%CI x1/n1 x0/n0 no cases no exposed ROB Ref.
S13740
R53551		 Reynolds, 2022 Attention deficit disorder (NOS) - Median 3.23 years old (1.14, 6.88) throughout pregnancy retrospective cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: No Indications: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) 0.32 [0.02;6.22] C 0/87   3/196 3 87
ref
S12240
R53600		 Lazzaroni, 2020 Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) - Certified by a child neurologist or psychiatrist - At at least 6 years old during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) retrospective cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: No Indications: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) Matched 2.46 [0.15;40.85] C 1/27   1/65 2 27
ref
S7056
R53601		 Marder, 2013 Attention deficit disorder - At age ≥ 2 years (Median age 5.7 years) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) retrospective cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: No Indications: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) 8.36 [0.69;100.78] C 2/13   1/47 3 13
ref
Total 3 studies 2.15 [0.34;13.70] 8 127
x1: number of endpoints among exposed, n1: number of exposed; x0: number of endpoints among non exposed, n0: number of non exposed; C: calculated odds ratio from numbers of events and effectives

Forest plot

StudyTE95% CIn casesn exposedweightROBABCDEF Reynolds, 2022Reynolds, 2022 0.32[0.02; 6.22]38730%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: unclearROB classification: moderateROB missing: lowROB mesure: criticalROB reporting: moderate Lazzaroni, 2020Lazzaroni, 2020 2.46[0.15; 40.85]22732%ROB confusion: seriousROB selection: unclearROB classification: criticalROB missing: lowROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Marder, 2013Marder, 2013 8.36[0.69; 100.78]31338%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: moderateROB classification: criticalROB missing: moderateROB mesure: criticalROB reporting: moderate Total (3 studies) I2 = 27% 2.15[0.34; 13.70]81270.220.01.0ROB: A: confusion, B: selection, C: classification, D: missing, E: measurement, F: reportinglow,moderate,serious,critical,unclear,

Sensitivity analysis

SubsetTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2 Type of studies cohort studiescohort studies 2.15[0.34; 13.70]812727%NAReynolds, 2022 Lazzaroni, 2020 Marder, 2013 3 case control studiescase control studies 0 Type of controls unexposed, sickunexposed, sick 2.15[0.34; 13.70]812727%NAReynolds, 2022 Lazzaroni, 2020 Marder, 2013 3 Tags Adjustment   - No  - No 2.15[0.34; 13.70]812727%NAReynolds, 2022 Lazzaroni, 2020 Marder, 2013 3 Indications   - Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)  - Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) 2.15[0.34; 13.70]812727%NAReynolds, 2022 Lazzaroni, 2020 Marder, 2013 3 MatchedMatched 2.46[0.15; 40.85]227 -NALazzaroni, 2020 1 All studiesAll studies 2.15[0.34; 13.70]812727%NAReynolds, 2022 Lazzaroni, 2020 Marder, 2013 30.120.01.0

Publication bias and p-hacking diagnosis

funnel plot

Funnel plot not drawn. Less than 3 points.

Asymetry test p-value = NaN (by Egger's regression)

not enought points

p values plot

Funnel plot not drawn. Less than 3 points.

Sub-groups analysis using all included studies

excluded

Sub-groupsTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2ROB type of controls unexposed, sick controlsunexposed, sick controls 2.15[0.34; 13.70]812727%NAReynolds, 2022 Lazzaroni, 2020 Marder, 2013 30.510.01.0