| id | Study | Lib. in paper | Exposition period | Study type |
Control type |
Tags | OR 95%CI | x1/n1 x0/n0 | no cases | no exposed | ROB | Ref. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| S19443 R82901 |
Karayagmurlu (Controls exposed to LTG) (Carbamazepine) (Epilepsy), 2026 | Autism Spectrum Disorder - DSM-5 clinical evaluation conducted by an experienced child and adolescent psychiatrist - Aged 2–6 years | during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) | retrospective cohort | exposed to other treatment, sick excluded | Adjustment: No |
1.00 [0.04;28.30] C excluded (control group) |
1/18 0/6 | 1 | 18 |
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| S19446 R82907 |
Karayagmurlu (Controls unexposed, disease free) (Carbamazepine) (Epilepsy), 2026 | Autism Spectrum Disorder - DSM-5 clinical evaluation conducted by an experienced child and adolescent psychiatrist - Aged 2–6 years | during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) | retrospective cohort | unexposed, disease free excluded | Adjustment: No |
9.55 [0.37;245.72] C excluded (control group) |
1/18 0/53 | 1 | 18 |
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| S19450 R82915 |
Karayagmurlu (Controls unexposed, sick) (Carbamazepine) (Epilepsy), 2026 | Autism Spectrum Disorder - DSM-5 clinical evaluation conducted by an experienced child and adolescent psychiatrist - Aged 2–6 years | during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) | retrospective cohort | unexposed, sick | Adjustment: No | 3.36 [0.13;88.39] C | 1/18 0/19 | 1 | 18 |
|
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| S19457 R82943 |
Straub (Controls exposed to LTG) (Carbamazepine) (Epilepsy), 2026 | Autism spectrum disorder - ICD-10 codes: F84.x (except F84.2, F84.3) - Mean follow up (full cohort): 3.4 years | during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) | retrospective cohort (claims database) | exposed to other treatment, sick excluded | Adjustment: No |
1.37 [0.80;2.36] C excluded (control group) |
22/1,548 34/3,273 | 56 | 1,548 |
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| S19467 R83019 |
Straub (Controls unexposed, sick) (Carbamazepine) (Epilepsy), 2026 | Autism spectrum disorder - ICD-10 codes: F84.x (except F84.2, F84.3) - Mean follow up (full cohort): 3.4 years | during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) | retrospective cohort (claims database) | unexposed, sick | Adjustment: Yes | 0.88 [0.54;1.45] | 22/1,548 106/8,887 | 128 | 1,548 |
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| S17426 R73183 |
Madley-Dowd_SE (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to LTG), 2024 | Autism - ICD-8/9/10 codes - Mean 5-20 years old (according groups) | during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) | population based cohort retrospective | exposed to other treatment, sick excluded | Adjustment: No Partial overlapping |
2.47 [1.76;3.47] C excluded (control group) |
98/1,842 53/2,383 | 151 | 1,842 |
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| S17427 R73187 |
Madley-Dowd_SE (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2024 | Autism - ICD-8/9/10 codes - Mean 5-20 years old (according groups) | during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) | population based cohort retrospective | unexposed, sick | Adjustment: Yes Partial overlapping | 1.16 [0.92;1.45] | 98/1,842 425/10,769 | 523 | 1,842 |
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| S17257 R72222 |
Madley-Dowd_UK (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to LTG), 2024 | Autism - ICD10 codes - Median CBZ 9.17 (5.31-12.54) years old | during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) | retrospective cohort (claims database) | exposed to other treatment, sick excluded | Adjustment: No |
1.75 [0.88;3.46] C excluded (control group) |
17/460 17/791 | 34 | 460 |
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| S17107 R72198 |
Madley-Dowd_UK (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2024 | Autism - ICD10 codes - Median CBZ 9.17 (5.31-12.54) years old | during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) | retrospective cohort (claims database) | unexposed, sick | Adjustment: Yes | 1.68 [0.91;3.09] | 17/460 78/4,075 | 95 | 460 |
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| S15868 R65355 |
Dreier (Carbamazepine) (Epilepsy) (Controls exposed to LTG), 2023 | Autism spectrum disorder - Corresponding ICD-10 F-chapter - Up to 22 years of age | during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) | population based cohort propective | exposed to other treatment, sick excluded | Adjustment: No |
1.31 [0.88;1.93] C excluded (control group) |
42/2,665 64/5,288 | 106 | 2,665 |
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| S15869 R65371 |
Dreier (Carbamazepine) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2023 | Autism spectrum disorder - Corresponding ICD-10 F-chapter - Up to 22 years of age | during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) | population based cohort propective | unexposed, sick | Adjustment: Yes | 1.03 [0.70;1.51] | 42/2,665 323/22,203 | 365 | 2,665 |
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| S10075 R36696 |
Blotiere (Carbamazepine), 2020 | Diagnosis Pervasive developmental disorders (F84) (mean age of 3.7 years old) | during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) | retrospective cohort (claims database) | exposed to other treatment, sick | Adjustment: No | 0.80 [0.05;14.03] C | 0/176 7/2,108 | 7 | 176 |
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| S7510 R22489 |
Huber-Mollema (Carbamazepine), 2019 | Diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder | throughout pregnancy | prospective cohort | exposed to other treatment, sick | Adjustment: No | 1.20 [0.21;6.85] C | 2/37 4/88 | 6 | 37 |
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| S6181 R16275 |
Wood (Carbamazepine), 2015 | Score >30 (CARS) | during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) | prospective cohort | exposed to other treatment, sick | Adjustment: No | 0.78 [0.03;21.03] C | 1/34 0/9 | 1 | 34 |
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| S6661 R35216 |
Bromley (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2013 | Autistic Spectrum Disorders (at 6 years old) | during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) | prospective cohort | exposed to other treatment, sick excluded | Adjustment: No |
0.19 [0.01;4.87] C excluded (control group) |
0/50 1/30 | 1 | 50 |
|
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| S6660 R35217 |
Bromley (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2013 | Autistic Spectrum Disorders (at 6 years old) | during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) | prospective cohort | unexposed, disease free excluded | Adjustment: No |
0.47 [0.02;8.88] C excluded (control group) |
0/50 4/214 | 4 | 50 |
|
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| S5486 R35218 |
Bromley (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2013 | Autistic Spectrum Disorders (at 6 years old) | during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) | prospective cohort | unexposed, sick | Adjustment: No | 0.52 [0.01;26.73] C | 0/50 0/26 | 0 | 50 |
|
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| Total | 9 studies | 1.13 [0.95;1.34] | 1,126 | 6,830 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| x1: number of endpoints among exposed, n1: number of exposed; x0: number of endpoints among non exposed, n0: number of non exposed; C: calculated odds ratio from numbers of events and effectives | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1: Controls unexposed, sick) (Carbamazepine) (Epilepsy; 2: Controls unexposed, sick) (Carbamazepine) (Epilepsy; 3: Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick; 4: Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick; 5: Carbamazepine) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick; 6: Carbamazepine; 7: Carbamazepine; 8: Carbamazepine; 9: Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick;
Asymetry test p-value = 0.9865 (by Egger's regression)
slope=0.1207 (0.0900); intercept=-0.0060 (0.3406); t=0.0176; p=0.9865
excluded 6661, 6660, 15868, 17426, 17257, 19443, 19446, 19457