Carbamazepine (Epilepsy) updated on 04-22-2025

ASD (Autism spectrum disorder): Diagnosis

R analysis
id Study   Lib. in paper Exposition period    Study type 
 Control type 
 
Tags OR 95%CI x1/n1 x0/n0 no cases no exposed ROB Ref.
S17426
R73183		 Madley-Dowd_SE (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to LTG), 2024 Autism - ICD-8/9/10 codes - Mean 5-20 years old (according groups) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) population based cohort retrospective exposed to other treatment, sick excluded Adjustment: No Partial overlapping 2.47 [1.76;3.47] C
excluded (control group) 		98/1,842   53/2,383 151 1,842
ref
S17427
R73187		 Madley-Dowd_SE (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2024 Autism - ICD-8/9/10 codes - Mean 5-20 years old (according groups) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) population based cohort retrospective unexposed, sick Adjustment: Yes Partial overlapping 1.16 [0.92;1.45] 98/1,842   425/10,769 523 1,842
ref
S17257
R72222		 Madley-Dowd_UK (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to LTG), 2024 Autism - ICD10 codes - Median CBZ 9.17 (5.31-12.54) years old during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) retrospective cohort (claims database) exposed to other treatment, sick excluded Adjustment: No 1.75 [0.88;3.46] C
excluded (control group) 		17/460   17/791 34 460
ref
S17107
R72198		 Madley-Dowd_UK (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2024 Autism - ICD10 codes - Median CBZ 9.17 (5.31-12.54) years old during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) retrospective cohort (claims database) unexposed, sick Adjustment: Yes 1.68 [0.91;3.09] 17/460   78/4,075 95 460
ref
S15868
R65355		 Dreier (Carbamazepine) (Epilepsy) (Controls exposed to LTG), 2023 Autism spectrum disorder - Corresponding ICD-10 F-chapter - Up to 22 years of age during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) population based cohort propective exposed to other treatment, sick excluded Adjustment: No 1.31 [0.88;1.93] C
excluded (control group) 		42/2,665   64/5,288 106 2,665
ref
S15869
R65371		 Dreier (Carbamazepine) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2023 Autism spectrum disorder - Corresponding ICD-10 F-chapter - Up to 22 years of age during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) population based cohort propective unexposed, sick Adjustment: Yes 1.03 [0.70;1.51] 42/2,665   323/22,203 365 2,665
ref
S10075
R36696		 Blotiere (Carbamazepine), 2020 Diagnosis Pervasive developmental disorders (F84) (mean age of 3.7 years old) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) retrospective cohort (claims database) exposed to other treatment, sick Adjustment: No 0.80 [0.05;14.03] C 0/176   7/2,108 7 176
ref
S7510
R22489		 Huber-Mollema (Carbamazepine), 2019 Diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder throughout pregnancy prospective cohort exposed to other treatment, sick Adjustment: No 1.20 [0.21;6.85] C 2/37   4/88 6 37
ref
S6181
R16275		 Wood (Carbamazepine), 2015 Score >30 (CARS) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) prospective cohort exposed to other treatment, sick Adjustment: No 0.78 [0.03;21.03] C 1/34   0/9 1 34
ref
S6661
R35216		 Bromley (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2013 Autistic Spectrum Disorders (at 6 years old) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) prospective cohort exposed to other treatment, sick excluded Adjustment: No 0.19 [0.01;4.87] C
excluded (control group) 		0/50   1/30 1 50
ref
S6660
R35217		 Bromley (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2013 Autistic Spectrum Disorders (at 6 years old) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) prospective cohort unexposed, disease free excluded Adjustment: No 0.47 [0.02;8.88] C
excluded (control group) 		0/50   4/214 4 50
ref
S5486
R35218		 Bromley (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2013 Autistic Spectrum Disorders (at 6 years old) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) prospective cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: No 0.52 [0.01;26.73] C 0/50   0/26 0 50
ref
Total 7 studies 1.16 [0.97;1.40] 997 5,264
x1: number of endpoints among exposed, n1: number of exposed; x0: number of endpoints among non exposed, n0: number of non exposed; C: calculated odds ratio from numbers of events and effectives

Forest plot

StudyTE95% CIn casesn exposedweightROBABCDEF Madley-Dowd_SE (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2024Madley-Dowd_SE, 2024 1 1.16[0.92; 1.45]5231,84266%ROB confusion: moderateROB selection: lowROB classification: lowROB missing: lowROB mesure: criticalROB reporting: moderate Madley-Dowd_UK (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2024Madley-Dowd_UK, 2024 2 1.68[0.91; 3.09]954609%ROB confusion: moderateROB selection: lowROB classification: criticalROB missing: unclearROB mesure: criticalROB reporting: moderate Dreier (Carbamazepine) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2023Dreier, 2023 3 1.03[0.70; 1.51]3652,66523%ROB confusion: seriousROB selection: lowROB classification: criticalROB missing: lowROB mesure: criticalROB reporting: moderate Blotiere (Carbamazepine), 2020Blotiere, 2020 4 0.80[0.05; 14.03]71760%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: moderateROB classification: criticalROB missing: moderateROB mesure: criticalROB reporting: moderate Huber-Mollema (Carbamazepine), 2019Huber-Mollema, 2019 5 1.20[0.21; 6.85]6371%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: lowROB classification: moderateROB missing: criticalROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Wood (Carbamazepine), 2015Wood, 2015 6 0.78[0.03; 21.03]1340%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: lowROB classification: moderateROB missing: criticalROB mesure: lowROB reporting: moderate Bromley (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2013Bromley, 2013 7 0.52[0.01; 26.73]0500%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: lowROB classification: lowROB missing: moderateROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Total (7 studies) I2 = 0% 1.16[0.97; 1.40]9975,2640.25.01.0ROB: A: confusion, B: selection, C: classification, D: missing, E: measurement, F: reportinglow,moderate,serious,critical,unclear,

1: Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick; 2: Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick; 3: Carbamazepine) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick; 4: Carbamazepine; 5: Carbamazepine; 6: Carbamazepine; 7: Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick;

Sensitivity analysis

SubsetTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2 Type of studies cohort studiescohort studies 1.16[0.97; 1.40]9975,2640%NAMadley-Dowd_SE (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2024 Madley-Dowd_UK (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2024 Dreier (Carbamazepine) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2023 Blotiere (Carbamazepine), 2020 Huber-Mollema (Carbamazepine), 2019 Wood (Carbamazepine), 2015 Bromley (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2013 7 case control studiescase control studies 0 Type of controls unexposed, sickunexposed, sick 1.17[0.97; 1.40]9835,0170%NAMadley-Dowd_SE (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2024 Madley-Dowd_UK (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2024 Dreier (Carbamazepine) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2023 Bromley (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2013 4 exposed to other treatment, sickexposed to other treatment, sick 1.02[0.26; 3.96]142470%NABlotiere (Carbamazepine), 2020 Huber-Mollema (Carbamazepine), 2019 Wood (Carbamazepine), 2015 3 Tags Adjustment   - No  - No 0.95[0.26; 3.42]142970%NABlotiere (Carbamazepine), 2020 Huber-Mollema (Carbamazepine), 2019 Wood (Carbamazepine), 2015 Bromley (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2013 4   - Yes  - Yes 1.17[0.97; 1.41]9834,9670%NAMadley-Dowd_SE (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2024 Madley-Dowd_UK (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2024 Dreier (Carbamazepine) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2023 3 Partial overlappingPartial overlapping 1.16[0.92; 1.46]5231,842 -NAMadley-Dowd_SE (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2024 1 All studiesAll studies 1.16[0.97; 1.40]9975,2640%NAMadley-Dowd_SE (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2024 Madley-Dowd_UK (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2024 Dreier (Carbamazepine) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2023 Blotiere (Carbamazepine), 2020 Huber-Mollema (Carbamazepine), 2019 Wood (Carbamazepine), 2015 Bromley (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2013 70.25.01.0

Publication bias and p-hacking diagnosis

funnel plot
0.0-4.74.92.4180.000Madley-Dowd_SE (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2024Madley-Dowd_UK (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2024Dreier (Carbamazepine) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2023Blotiere (Carbamazepine), 2020Huber-Mollema (Carbamazepine), 2019Wood (Carbamazepine), 2015Bromley (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2013

Asymetry test p-value = 0.8025 (by Egger's regression)

slope=0.1664 (0.0847); intercept=-0.0897 (0.3399); t=0.2638; p=0.8025

p values plot
0.01.00.01.0

Sub-groups analysis using all included studies

excluded 6661, 6660, 15868, 17426, 17257

Sub-groupsTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2ROB type of controls unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified)unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified) Out of scale0.47[0.02; 8.88]450 -NABromley (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2013 1 unexposed, sick controlsunexposed, sick controls 1.17[0.97; 1.40]9835,0170%NAMadley-Dowd_SE (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2024 Madley-Dowd_UK (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2024 Dreier (Carbamazepine) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2023 Bromley (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2013 4 exposed to other treatment, sick controlsexposed to other treatment, sick controls 1.69[1.18; 2.43]3065,26429%NAMadley-Dowd_SE (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to LTG), 2024 Madley-Dowd_UK (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to LTG), 2024 Dreier (Carbamazepine) (Epilepsy) (Controls exposed to LTG), 2023 Blotiere (Carbamazepine), 2020 Huber-Mollema (Carbamazepine), 2019 Wood (Carbamazepine), 2015 Bromley (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2013 70.510.01.0