Carbamazepine (Epilepsy) updated on 04-22-2025

Hypospadias

id	Study   Auto Tomson (Carbamazepine), 2018Campbell (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2014Hernández-Díaz (Carbamazepine), 2012Bànhidy (Carbamazepine), 2011Jentink (Carbamazepine), 2010D'Souza (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 1991D'Souza (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991Van der Pol (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 1991Van der Pol (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991	Lib. in paper	Exposition period  Auto during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)1st trimester2nd trimester3rd trimester2nd and/or 3rd trimesterthroughout pregnancyearly pregnancydays before deliverylate pregnancypreconception-onlypericonceptionalpreconceptional for kinetic reasonat least 1st trimester3 months (or more) before pregnancy or during pregnancy1st and 2nd trimester3 months or more before pregnancy or1st trimesterPaternal exp. genotoxic window only (0–3 months preconception)Paternal exposure: epigenetic window only (3–xxx months preconception)Paternal exposure: genotoxic/epigenetic window (0–xxx months preconception)Paternal exposure: other window	Study type  All studies Case control excluded Only case control	Control type    Auto unexposed (general population or NOS)unexposed, sickunexposed, disease freeexposed to other treatment, sicknot specifiedsiblingwhatever (meta-analysis)	Tags	OR 95%CI	x1/n1 x0/n0	no cases	no exposed	ROB	Ref.
S382 R16394	Tomson (Carbamazepine), 2018	Hypospadias	at least 1st trimester	prospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick	Adjustment: No	2.15 [0.78;5.92] C	10/1,957   6/2,514	16	1,957		ref
S6290 R16960	Campbell (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2014	Hypospadias and genitourinary tract defects	1st trimester	prospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick	Adjustment: No	0.63 [0.22;1.85] C	5/1,657   10/2,098	15	1,657		ref
S5937 R23778	Hernández-Díaz (Carbamazepine), 2012	Hypospadias	1st trimester	prospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick	Adjustment: No Controls: mixed indications	4.54 [0.18;111.60] C	1/1,033   0/1,562	1	1,033		ref
S5483 R15647	Bànhidy (Carbamazepine), 2011	Hypospadias	throughout pregnancy	case control	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No Matched	0.33 [0.03;3.78] C	1/11   3/13	4	11		ref
S8411 R26712	Jentink (Carbamazepine), 2010	Hypospadias	1st trimester	case control	unexposed (general population or NOS)	Adjustment: Yes	0.70 [0.30;1.60]	6/-   -/-	-	-		ref
S6685 R18587	D'Souza (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 1991	Hypospadias	throughout pregnancy	prospective cohort	unexposed, disease free excluded	Adjustment: No Matched	24.60 [0.40;1512.72] C excluded (control group)	0/3   0/62	0	3		ref
S6689 R18704	D'Souza (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991	Hypospadias	throughout pregnancy	prospective cohort	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	3.00 [0.05;194.76] C	0/3   0/8	0	3		ref
S6823 R19301	Van der Pol (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 1991	Hypospadias	throughout pregnancy	prospective cohort	unexposed, disease free excluded	Adjustment: No Matched	5.19 [0.10;276.47] C excluded (control group)	0/11   0/55	0	11		ref
S6825 R19351	Van der Pol (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991	Hypospadias	throughout pregnancy	prospective cohort	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	2.05 [0.04;110.56] C	0/11   0/22	0	11		ref
					Total	7 studies	0.97 [0.58;1.64]		36	4,672
x1: number of endpoints among exposed, n1: number of exposed; x0: number of endpoints among non exposed, n0: number of non exposed; C: calculated odds ratio from numbers of events and effectives

Forest plot

Sensitivity analysis

Publication bias and p-hacking diagnosis

Sub-groups analysis using all included studies

excluded 6685, 6823