| id | Study | Lib. in paper | Exposition period | Study type |
Control type |
Tags | OR 95%CI | x1/n1 x0/n0 | no cases | no exposed | ROB | Ref. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| S19445 R82906 |
Karayagmurlu (Controls exposed to LTG) (Valproate) (Epilepsy), 2026 | Autism Spectrum Disorder - DSM-5 clinical evaluation conducted by an experienced child and adolescent psychiatrist - Aged 2–6 years | during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) | retrospective cohort | exposed to other treatment, sick excluded | Adjustment: No |
2.54 [0.09;75.77] C excluded (control group) |
1/8 0/6 | 1 | 8 |
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| S19449 R82914 |
Karayagmurlu (Controls unexposed, disease free) (Valproate) (Epilepsy), 2026 | Autism Spectrum Disorder - DSM-5 clinical evaluation conducted by an experienced child and adolescent psychiatrist - Aged 2–6 years | during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) | retrospective cohort | unexposed, disease free excluded | Adjustment: No |
24.23 [0.89;658.80] C excluded (control group) |
1/8 0/53 | 1 | 8 |
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| S19453 R82922 |
Karayagmurlu (Controls unexposed, sick) (Valproate) (Epilepsy), 2026 | Autism Spectrum Disorder - DSM-5 clinical evaluation conducted by an experienced child and adolescent psychiatrist - Aged 2–6 years | during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) | retrospective cohort | unexposed, sick | Adjustment: No | 8.54 [0.31;236.91] C | 1/8 0/19 | 1 | 8 |
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| S19465 R83001 |
Straub (Controls exposed to LTG) (Valproate) (Epilepsy), 2026 | Autism spectrum disorder - ICD-10 codes: F84.x (except F84.2, F84.3) - Mean follow up (full cohort): 3.4 years | during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) | retrospective cohort (claims database) | exposed to other treatment, sick excluded | Adjustment: No |
4.12 [2.54;6.69] C excluded (control group) |
33/796 34/3,273 | 67 | 796 |
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| S19475 R83147 |
Straub (Controls unexposed, sick) (Valproate) (Epilepsy), 2026 | Autism spectrum disorder - ICD-10 codes: F84.x (except F84.2, F84.3) - Mean follow up (full cohort): 3.4 years | during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) | retrospective cohort (claims database) | unexposed, sick | Adjustment: Yes | 2.52 [1.63;3.90] | 33/796 106/8,887 | 139 | 796 |
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| S17439 R73292 |
Madley-Dowd_SE (Valproate) (Controls exposed to LTG), 2024 | Autism - ICD-8/9/10 codes - Mean 5-20 years old (according groups) | during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) | population based cohort retrospective | exposed to other treatment, sick excluded | Adjustment: No Partial overlapping |
5.08 [3.56;7.24] C excluded (control group) |
82/792 53/2,383 | 135 | 792 |
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| S17440 R73293 |
Madley-Dowd_SE (Valproate) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2024 | Autism - ICD-8/9/10 codes - Mean 5-20 years old (according groups) | during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) | population based cohort retrospective | unexposed, sick | Adjustment: Yes Partial overlapping | 2.15 [1.69;2.73] | 82/792 425/10,769 | 507 | 792 |
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| S17261 R72255 |
Madley-Dowd_UK (Valproate) (Controls exposed to LTG) (Epilepsy), 2024 | Autism - ICD10 codes - Median follow up 9.32 (5.54-12.83) years old | during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) | retrospective cohort (claims database) | exposed to other treatment, sick excluded | Adjustment: No |
1.46 [0.68;3.15] C excluded (control group) |
11/354 17/791 | 28 | 354 |
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| S17256 R72256 |
Madley-Dowd_UK (Valproate) (Controls unexposed, sick) (Epilepsy), 2024 | Autism - ICD10 codes - Median follow up 9.32 (5.54-12.83) years old | during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) | retrospective cohort (claims database) | unexposed, sick | Adjustment: Yes | 1.41 [0.75;2.67] | 11/354 78/4,075 | 89 | 354 |
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| S15877 R65489 |
Dreier (Valproate) (Epilepsy) (Controls exposed to LTG), 2023 | Autism spectrum disorder - Corresponding ICD-10 F-chapter - Up to 22 years of age | during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) | population based cohort propective | exposed to other treatment, sick excluded | Adjustment: No |
4.08 [2.96;5.64] C excluded (control group) |
93/1,952 64/5,288 | 157 | 1,952 |
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| S18070 R76068 |
Dreier (Valproate) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sibling), 2023 | Autism spectrum disorder - ICD-10 code F84 excluding F84.2-F84.4 - Up to 22 years of age (median 7.2 years) | during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) | population based cohort propective | sibling excluded | Adjustment: Yes |
6.41 [2.00;20.58] excluded (control group) |
32/529 11/604 | 43 | 529 |
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| S15878 R65484 |
Dreier (Valproate) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2023 | Autism spectrum disorder - Corresponding ICD-10 F-chapter - Up to 22 years of age | during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) | population based cohort propective | unexposed, sick | Adjustment: Yes | 2.45 [1.84;3.26] | 93/1,952 323/22,203 | 416 | 1,952 |
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| S10070 R46576 |
Coste (Valproate) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2020 | Diagnosis Pervasive developmental disorders (F84) (mean age of 3.7 years old) | during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) | retrospective cohort (claims database) | exposed to other treatment, sick excluded | Adjustment: Yes |
4.70 [1.90;11.40] excluded (control group) |
17/991 7/2,108 | 24 | 991 |
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| S7799 R46577 |
Coste (Valproate) (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2020 | Diagnosis Pervasive developmental disorders (F84) (mean age of 3.6 years old) | during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) | retrospective cohort (claims database) | unexposed (general population or NOS) | Adjustment: Yes | 4.60 [2.90;7.50] | 17/991 4,280/1,710,441 | 4,297 | 991 |
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| S7508 R46579 |
Huber-Mollema (Valproate), 2019 | Diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder | throughout pregnancy | prospective cohort | exposed to other treatment, sick | Adjustment: No | 2.74 [0.57;13.12] C | 3/26 4/88 | 7 | 26 |
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| S9984 R46582 |
Bjørk (Valproate) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2018 | Autistic traits at 18 months and/or at 36 months (M-CHAT <2/6 critical or <3/23 or SCQ >13) | during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) | population based cohort propective | exposed to other treatment, sick excluded | Adjustment: No |
0.61 [0.16;2.31] C excluded (control group) |
3/27 13/76 | 16 | 27 |
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| S9985 R46583 |
Bjørk (Valproate) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2018 | Autistic traits at 18 months and/or at 36 months (M-CHAT <2/6 critical or <3/23 or SCQ >13) | during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) | population based cohort propective | unexposed, disease free excluded | Adjustment: No |
1.24 [0.37;4.12] C excluded (control group) |
3/27 6,907/75,497 | 6,910 | 27 |
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| S9986 R46584 |
Bjørk (Valproate) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2018 | Autistic traits at 18 months and/or at 36 months (M-CHAT <2/6 critical or <3/23 or SCQ >13) | during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) | population based cohort propective | unexposed, sick | Adjustment: No | 1.13 [0.32;4.02] C | 3/27 27/272 | 30 | 27 |
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| S5549 R46581 |
Wood (Valproate), 2015 | Score >30 (CARS) | during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) | prospective cohort | exposed to other treatment, sick | Adjustment: No | 1.04 [0.04;28.06] C | 1/26 0/9 | 1 | 26 |
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| S6662 R46573 |
Bromley (Valproate) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2013 | Autistic Spectrum Disorders (at 6 years old) | during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) | prospective cohort | exposed to other treatment, sick excluded | Adjustment: No |
2.52 [0.27;23.69] C excluded (control group) |
4/50 1/30 | 5 | 50 |
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| S6659 R46574 |
Bromley (Valproate) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2013 | Autistic Spectrum Disorders (at 6 years old) | during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) | prospective cohort | unexposed, disease free excluded | Adjustment: No |
4.57 [1.10;18.93] C excluded (control group) |
4/50 4/214 | 8 | 50 |
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| S6602 R46575 |
Bromley (Valproate) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2013 | Autistic Spectrum Disorders (at 6 years old) | during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) | prospective cohort | unexposed, sick | Adjustment: No | 5.04 [0.26;97.51] C | 4/50 0/26 | 4 | 50 |
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| S7175 R46572 |
Adab (Valproate), 2004 | Asperger’s syndrome | during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) | retrospective cohort | unexposed, sick | Adjustment: No | 4.90 [0.20;122.25] C | 1/63 0/101 | 1 | 63 |
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| Total | 11 studies | 2.44 [1.96;3.03] | 5,492 | 5,085 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| x1: number of endpoints among exposed, n1: number of exposed; x0: number of endpoints among non exposed, n0: number of non exposed; C: calculated odds ratio from numbers of events and effectives | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1: Controls unexposed, sick) (Valproate) (Epilepsy; 2: Controls unexposed, sick) (Valproate) (Epilepsy; 3: Valproate) (Controls unexposed, sick; 4: Valproate) (Controls unexposed, sick) (Epilepsy; 5: Valproate) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick; 6: Valproate) (Controls unexposed, NOS; 7: Valproate; 8: Valproate) (Controls unexposed, sick; 9: Valproate; 10: Valproate) (Controls unexposed, sick; 11: Valproate;
Asymetry test p-value = 0.7898 (by Egger's regression)
slope=0.8447 (0.1422); intercept=0.1517 (0.5524); t=0.2746; p=0.7898
excluded 6662, 6659, 9984, 9985, 10070, 15877, 18070, 17439, 17261, 19445, 19449, 19465