Levetiracetam (Epilepsy) updated on 04-22-2025

ADHD (Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder): Diagnosis/Risk

id	Study   Auto Madley-Dowd_SE (Levetiracetam) (Controls exposed to LTG), 2024Madley-Dowd_SE (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2024Madley-Dowd_UK (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy), 2024Dreier (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls exposed to LTG), 2023Dreier (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2023Huber-Mollema (Levetiracetam), 2019Bromley (Levetiracetam), 2016	Lib. in paper	Exposition period  Auto during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)1st trimester2nd trimester3rd trimester2nd and/or 3rd trimesterthroughout pregnancyearly pregnancydays before deliverylate pregnancypreconception-onlypericonceptionalpreconceptional for kinetic reasonat least 1st trimester3 months (or more) before pregnancy or during pregnancy1st and 2nd trimester3 months or more before pregnancy or1st trimester	Study type  All studies Case control excluded Only case control	Control type    Auto unexposed (general population or NOS)unexposed, sickunexposed, disease freeexposed to other treatment, sicknot specifiedsiblingwhatever (meta-analysis)	Tags	OR 95%CI	x1/n1 x0/n0	no cases	no exposed	ROB	Ref.
S17431 R73237	Madley-Dowd_SE (Levetiracetam) (Controls exposed to LTG), 2024	Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder - ICD-8/9/10 codes and/or ADHD medication prescription - Mean 5-20 years old (according groups)	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	population based cohort retrospective	exposed to other treatment, sick excluded	Adjustment: No Partial overlapping	0.54 [0.31;0.95] C excluded (control group)	14/556   109/2,383	123	556		ref
S17432 R73238	Madley-Dowd_SE (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2024	Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder - ICD-8/9/10 codes and/or ADHD medication prescription - Mean 5-20 years old (according groups)	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	population based cohort retrospective	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: Yes Partial overlapping	0.99 [0.58;1.68]	190/556   929/10,769	1,119	556		ref
S17252 R72261	Madley-Dowd_UK (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy), 2024	Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder - ICD10 codes and/or ADHD medication prescription - Median 4.19 (2.56-6.79) years old	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	retrospective cohort (claims database)	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: Yes	1.23 [0.16;9.58]	-/174   38/4,075	-	174		ref
S15871 R65402	Dreier (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls exposed to LTG), 2023	Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) - Corresponding ICD-10 F-chapter - Up to 22 years of age	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	population based cohort propective	exposed to other treatment, sick excluded	Adjustment: No	0.73 [0.42;1.29] C excluded (control group)	14/1,061   95/5,288	109	1,061		ref
S15872 R65410	Dreier (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2023	Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) - Corresponding ICD-10 F-chapter - Up to 22 years of age	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	population based cohort propective	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: Yes	1.78 [1.03;3.07]	14/1,061   528/22,203	542	1,061		ref
S7511 R46410	Huber-Mollema (Levetiracetam), 2019	Diagnosis of ADHD	throughout pregnancy	prospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick	Adjustment: No	0.25 [0.01;4.74] C	0/30   5/88	5	30		ref
S7308 R46411	Bromley (Levetiracetam), 2016	Maladaptive behavior: Attention (BASC) (5-9 years old)	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	retrospective cohort (registry)	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No extrapolated (cont. endpoint)	0.86 [0.41;1.78]	-/42   -/55	-	42		ref
					Total	5 studies	1.17 [0.82;1.68]		1,666	1,863
x1: number of endpoints among exposed, n1: number of exposed; x0: number of endpoints among non exposed, n0: number of non exposed; C: calculated odds ratio from numbers of events and effectives

Forest plot

Sensitivity analysis

Publication bias and p-hacking diagnosis

Sub-groups analysis using all included studies

excluded 15871, 17431