| id | Study | Lib. in paper | Exposition period | Study type |
Control type |
Tags | OR 95%CI | x1/n1 x0/n0 | no cases | no exposed | ROB | Ref. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| S19444 R82904 |
Karayagmurlu (Controls exposed to LTG) (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy), 2026 | Autism Spectrum Disorder - DSM-5 clinical evaluation conducted by an experienced child and adolescent psychiatrist - Aged 2–6 years | during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) | retrospective cohort | exposed to other treatment, sick excluded | Adjustment: No |
33.00 [0.44;2470.77] C excluded (control group) |
1/2 0/6 | 1 | 2 |
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| S19448 R82912 |
Karayagmurlu (Controls unexposed, disease free) (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy), 2026 | Autism Spectrum Disorder - DSM-5 clinical evaluation conducted by an experienced child and adolescent psychiatrist - Aged 2–6 years | during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) | retrospective cohort | unexposed, disease free excluded | Adjustment: No |
315.00 [4.53;21922.94] C excluded (control group) |
1/2 0/53 | 1 | 2 |
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| S19452 R82920 |
Karayagmurlu (Controls unexposed, sick) (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy), 2026 | Autism Spectrum Disorder - DSM-5 clinical evaluation conducted by an experienced child and adolescent psychiatrist - Aged 2–6 years | during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) | retrospective cohort | unexposed, sick | Adjustment: No | 111.00 [1.57;7848.40] C | 1/2 0/19 | 1 | 2 |
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| S19458 R82953 |
Straub (Controls exposed to LTG) (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy), 2026 | Autism spectrum disorder - ICD-10 codes: F84.x (except F84.2, F84.3) - Mean follow up (full cohort): 3.4 years | during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) | retrospective cohort (claims database) | exposed to other treatment, sick excluded | Adjustment: No |
0.56 [0.33;0.95] C excluded (control group) |
23/3,929 34/3,273 | 57 | 3,929 |
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| S19468 R83041 |
Straub (Controls unexposed, sick) (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy), 2026 | Autism spectrum disorder - ICD-10 codes: F84.x (except F84.2, F84.3) - Mean follow up (full cohort): 3.4 years | during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) | retrospective cohort (claims database) | unexposed, sick | Adjustment: Yes | 0.56 [0.35;0.92] | 23/3,929 106/8,887 | 129 | 3,929 |
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| S17431 R73239 |
Madley-Dowd_SE (Levetiracetam) (Controls exposed to LTG), 2024 | Autism - ICD-8/9/10 codes - Mean 5-20 years old (according groups) | during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) | population based cohort retrospective | exposed to other treatment, sick excluded | Adjustment: No Partial overlapping |
0.64 [0.30;1.36] C excluded (control group) |
8/556 53/2,383 | 61 | 556 |
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| S17432 R73240 |
Madley-Dowd_SE (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2024 | Autism - ICD-8/9/10 codes - Mean 5-20 years old (according groups) | during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) | population based cohort retrospective | unexposed, sick | Adjustment: Yes Partial overlapping | 0.94 [0.46;1.90] | 8/556 425/10,769 | 433 | 556 |
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| S17252 R72250 |
Madley-Dowd_UK (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy), 2024 | Autism - ICD10 codes - Median 4.19 (2.56-6.79) years old | during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) | retrospective cohort (claims database) | unexposed, sick | Adjustment: Yes | 0.95 [0.20;4.49] | -/174 78/4,075 | - | 174 |
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| S15871 R65403 |
Dreier (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls exposed to LTG), 2023 | Autism spectrum disorder - Corresponding ICD-10 F-chapter - Up to 22 years of age | during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) | population based cohort propective | exposed to other treatment, sick excluded | Adjustment: No |
0.62 [0.30;1.30] C excluded (control group) |
8/1,061 64/5,288 | 72 | 1,061 |
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| S15872 R65411 |
Dreier (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2023 | Autism spectrum disorder - Corresponding ICD-10 F-chapter - Up to 22 years of age | during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) | population based cohort propective | unexposed, sick | Adjustment: Yes | 0.85 [0.37;1.94] | 8/1,061 323/22,203 | 331 | 1,061 |
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| S10072 R46412 |
Coste (Levetiracetam) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2020 | Diagnosis Pervasive developmental disorders (F84) (mean age of 3.7 years old) | during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) | retrospective cohort (claims database) | exposed to other treatment, sick excluded | Adjustment: Yes |
1.80 [0.50;6.60] excluded (control group) |
4/621 7/2,108 | 11 | 621 |
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| S7807 R46413 |
Coste (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2020 | Diagnosis Pervasive developmental disorders (F84) (mean age of 3.6 years old) | during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) | retrospective cohort (claims database) | unexposed (general population or NOS) | Adjustment: Yes | 2.50 [0.90;6.60] | 4/621 4,280/1,710,441 | 4,284 | 621 |
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| S7511 R46415 |
Huber-Mollema (Levetiracetam), 2019 | Diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder | throughout pregnancy | prospective cohort | exposed to other treatment, sick | Adjustment: No | 0.72 [0.08;6.75] C | 1/30 4/88 | 5 | 30 |
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| S9963 R46416 |
Bjørk (Levetiracetam) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2018 | Autistic traits at 18 months and/or at 36 months (M-CHAT <2/6 critical or <3/23 or SCQ >13) | during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) | population based cohort propective | exposed to other treatment, sick excluded | Adjustment: No |
2.42 [0.63;9.26] C excluded (control group) |
4/12 13/76 | 17 | 12 |
|
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| S9933 R46417 |
Bjørk (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2018 | Autistic traits at 18 months and/or at 36 months (M-CHAT <2/6 critical or <3/23 or SCQ >13) | during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) | population based cohort propective | unexposed, disease free excluded | Adjustment: No |
4.97 [1.49;16.49] C excluded (control group) |
4/12 6,907/75,497 | 6,911 | 12 |
|
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| S9961 R46418 |
Bjørk (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2018 | Autistic traits at 18 months and/or at 36 months (M-CHAT <2/6 critical or <3/23 or SCQ >13) | during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) | population based cohort propective | unexposed, sick | Adjustment: No | 4.54 [1.28;16.06] C | 4/12 27/272 | 31 | 12 |
|
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| Total | 8 studies | 1.25 [0.67;2.33] | 5,214 | 6,385 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| x1: number of endpoints among exposed, n1: number of exposed; x0: number of endpoints among non exposed, n0: number of non exposed; C: calculated odds ratio from numbers of events and effectives | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1: Controls unexposed, sick) (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy; 2: Controls unexposed, sick) (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy; 3: Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick; 4: Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy; 5: Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick; 6: Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, NOS; 7: Levetiracetam; 8: Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick;
Asymetry test p-value = 0.0494 (by Egger's regression)
slope=-0.9634 (0.4127); intercept=2.2251 (0.9058); t=2.4564; p=0.0494
excluded 9963, 9933, 10072, 15871, 17431, 19444, 19448, 19458