Levetiracetam (Epilepsy) - Medication and Pregnancy KB

Levetiracetam (Epilepsy) updated on 04-22-2025

All congenital malformations (majors, minors, majors and minors, or unspecified)

R analysis

id	Study	Lib. in paper	Exposition period	Study type All studies Case control excluded Only case control	Control type	Tags	OR 95%CI	x1/n1 x0/n0	no cases	no exposed	ROB	Ref.
S18088 R76146	Hao (Controls exposed to LTG), 2025	Major congenital malformation (MCM)	1st trimester	prospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick excluded	Adjustment: No	0.83 [0.22;3.21] ^C excluded (control group)	8/268 3/84	11	268		ref
S18089 R76148	Hao (Controls unexposed, sick), 2025	Major congenital malformation (MCM)	1st trimester	prospective cohort	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	0.63 [0.30;1.31]	8/268 10/261	18	268		ref
S16709 R70296	Battino, 2024	Major congenital malformations (MCMs)	early pregnancy	prospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick	Adjustment: Yes	0.79 [0.53;1.19]	33/1,325 110/3,584	143	1,325		ref
S16807 R70524	Ertürk Çetin (Epilepsy) (Levetiracetam), 2024	Minor and/or Major congenital malformations	throughout pregnancy	prospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick	Adjustment: No	3.33 [0.59;18.89] ^C	12/18 3/8	15	18		ref
S16686 R70237	Hoeltzenbein (Levetiracetam), 2024	Major birth defects	at least 1st trimester	prospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick	Adjustment: Yes	1.41 [0.58;3.44]	12/207 17/442	29	207		ref
S18051 R76024	Vajda b (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2024	Fetal malformations	early pregnancy	prospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick excluded	Adjustment: No	0.88 [0.37;2.12] ^C excluded (control group)	7/187 20/473	27	187		ref
S18052 R76026	Vajda b (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2024	Fetal malformations	at least 1st trimester	prospective cohort	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	1.07 [0.38;3.00]	7/187 7/201	14	187		ref
S17505 R73578	Wiggs, 2024	Major birth defects	early pregnancy	population based cohort retrospective	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: Yes	0.68 [0.17;2.76]	-/185 -/9,364	-	185		ref
S15842 R65220	Bromley (Levetiracetam) (Controls exposed to LTG), 2023	Any congenital anomaly	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	prospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick excluded	Adjustment: No	0.52 [0.16;1.71] ^C excluded (control group)	4/70 11/106	15	70		ref
S15843 R65233	Bromley (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2023	Any congenital anomaly	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) excluded	prospective cohort	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	1.15 [0.28;4.79] ^C excluded (exposition period)	4/70 4/80	8	70		ref
S15825 R65174	Cohen (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls exposed to LTG), 2023	Major congenital malformations (excluding genetic/chromosomal)	1st trimester	population based cohort retrospective	exposed to other treatment, sick excluded	Adjustment: Yes Partial overlapping	0.78 [0.53;1.13] excluded (control group)	30/1,040 314/8,339	344	1,040		ref
S15826 R65176	Cohen (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2023	Major congenital malformations (excluding genetic/chromosomal)	1st trimester	population based cohort retrospective	unexposed (general population or NOS)	Adjustment: No Partial overlapping	0.95 [0.66;1.36] ^C	30/1,040 147,928/4,866,362	147,958	1,040		ref
S15854 R65265	Li (Levetiracetam) (Controls exposed to LTG), 2023	Major congenital malformation	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	prospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick excluded	Adjustment: No	0.35 [0.01;18.06] ^C excluded (control group)	0/107 0/38	0	107		ref
S15855 R65267	Li (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2023	Major congenital malformation	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) excluded	prospective cohort	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	0.15 [0.01;2.72] ^C excluded (exposition period)	0/107 7/253	7	107		ref
S15837 R65199	Pekoz (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls exposed to LTG), 2023	Congenital malformations (major and minor)	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	prospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick excluded	Adjustment: No	3.24 [0.87;12.02] ^C excluded (control group)	10/152 3/141	13	152		ref
S15838 R65200	Pekoz (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2023	Congenital malformations (major and minor)	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) excluded	prospective cohort	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	2.96 [0.37;23.78] ^C excluded (exposition period)	10/152 1/43	11	152		ref
S12502 R48770	Mari (Levetiracetam), 2022	Major foetal malformation	throughout pregnancy	retrospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick	Adjustment: No	0.64 [0.01;34.59] ^C	0/17 0/11	0	17		ref
S12688 R48768	Alsfouk (Levetiracetam) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2021	Major congenital malformation	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	retrospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick excluded	Adjustment: No	0.11 [0.00;2.39] ^C excluded (control group)	0/24 2/15	2	24		ref
S12686 R48769	Alsfouk (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021	Major congenital malformation	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) excluded	retrospective cohort	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	0.40 [0.02;10.39] ^C excluded (exposition period)	0/24 1/30	1	24		ref
S12884 R48691	Hosny (Levetiracetam) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2021	Major birth defects	1st trimester	prospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick excluded	Adjustment: No	0.04 [0.00;2.38] ^C excluded (control group)	2/67 0/1	2	67		ref
S12885 R48694	Hosny (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021	Major birth defects	1st trimester	prospective cohort	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	0.62 [0.05;7.15] ^C	2/67 1/21	3	67		ref
S12824 R48266	Thomas (Levetiracetam) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2021	Major congenital malformations	1st trimester	prospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick excluded	Adjustment: No	2.43 [0.28;21.33] ^C excluded (control group)	5/106 1/50	6	106		ref
S7547 R26782	Thomas (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2021	Major congenital malformations	1st trimester	prospective cohort	unexposed, disease free excluded	Adjustment: No	0.97 [0.13;7.23] excluded (control group)	1/30 11/319	12	30		ref
S12823 R48256	Thomas (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021	Major congenital malformations	1st trimester	prospective cohort	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: Yes	1.16 [0.40;3.10]	5/106 16/340	21	106		ref
S16700 R70269	Alsaadi (Controls exposed to LTG), 2020	All congenital malformations (majors and minors)	1st trimester	retrospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick excluded	Adjustment: No	0.30 [0.02;5.15] ^C excluded (control group)	1/38 1/12	2	38		ref
S16701 R70273	Alsaadi (Controls unexposed sick), 2020	All congenital malformations (majors and minors)	1st trimester	retrospective cohort	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	0.95 [0.06;15.71] ^C	1/38 1/36	2	38		ref
S7999 R26723	AlSheikh (Levetiracetam) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2020	Fetal/neonatal malformation	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	prospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick excluded	Adjustment: No	2.29 [0.04;125.50] ^C excluded (control group)	0/9 0/20	0	9		ref
S8000 R26724	AlSheikh (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2020	Fetal/neonatal malformation	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) excluded	prospective cohort	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	0.25 [0.01;7.34] ^C excluded (exposition period)	0/9 1/8	1	9		ref
S8083 R24695	Aydin (Levetiracetam) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2020	Congenital chromosomal/structural anomalies	throughout pregnancy	retrospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick excluded	Adjustment: No	0.68 [0.01;39.07] ^C excluded (control group)	0/10 0/7	0	10		ref
S8081 R24675	Aydin (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2020	Congenital chromosomal/structural anomalies	throughout pregnancy	retrospective cohort	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	2.26 [0.04;122.79] ^C	0/10 0/22	0	10		ref
S7505 R26734	Meador (Levetiracetam) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2020	Major congenital malformations	1st trimester	prospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick excluded	Adjustment: No	1.14 [0.32;4.07] ^C excluded (control group)	5/97 5/110	10	97		ref
S7495 R26736	Meador (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2020	Major congenital malformations	1st trimester	prospective cohort	unexposed, disease free excluded	Adjustment: No	2.83 [0.54;14.92] ^C excluded (control group)	5/97 2/106	7	97		ref
S7501 R26735	Meador (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2020	Major congenital malformations	1st trimester	prospective cohort	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	0.76 [0.08;7.00] ^C	5/97 1/15	6	97		ref
S8038 R26733	Koc (Levetiracetam), 2018	Major congenital malformations	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) excluded	retrospective cohort	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	1.11 [0.02;57.82] ^C excluded (exposition period)	0/28 0/31	0	28		ref
S301 R26725	Arkilo (Levetiracetam), 2015	Major malformations	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) excluded	retrospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick	Adjustment: No	2.24 [0.04;120.61] ^C excluded (exposition period)	0/11 0/24	0	11		ref
S6240 R26726	Babic (Levetiracetam), 2014	Major congential malformations	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) excluded	prospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick	Adjustment: No	2.14 [0.03;131.94] ^C excluded (exposition period)	0/4 0/8	0	4		ref
S6330 R26742	Veiby (Levetiracetam) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2014	Major malformations	throughout pregnancy	population based cohort retrospective	exposed to other treatment, sick excluded	Adjustment: No Partial overlapping	0.44 [0.10;1.90] ^C excluded (control group)	2/114 23/593	25	114		ref
S6331 R26743	Veiby (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2014	Major malformations	throughout pregnancy	population based cohort retrospective	unexposed, disease free excluded	Adjustment: Yes Partial overlapping	0.66 [0.16;2.67] excluded (control group)	2/114 22,371/771,412	22,373	114		ref
S6332 R26744	Veiby (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014	Major malformations	throughout pregnancy	population based cohort retrospective	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No Partial overlapping	0.62 [0.15;2.53] ^C	2/114 106/3,773	108	114		ref
S5938 R26729	Hernández-Díaz (Levetiracetam) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2012	Major congenital malformations	1st trimester	prospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick excluded	Adjustment: No Controls: mixed indications	0.80 [0.30;2.10] excluded (control group)	-/- -/-	-	-		ref
S7933 R26730	Hernández-Díaz (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2012	Major congenital malformations	1st trimester	prospective cohort	unexposed, disease free	Adjustment: No	2.20 [0.80;6.40]	11/450 5/442	16	450		ref
S6063 R26738	Morrow (Levetiracetam) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2006	Major congenital malformation	1st trimester	prospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick excluded	Adjustment: No	0.68 [0.04;11.54] ^C excluded (control group)	0/22 21/647	21	22		ref
S6064 R26740	Morrow (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2006	Major congenital malformation	1st trimester	prospective cohort	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	0.60 [0.03;10.72] ^C	0/22 8/227	8	22		ref
					Total	16 studies	0.93 [0.75;1.15]		148,341	4,151
x1: number of endpoints among exposed, n1: number of exposed; x0: number of endpoints among non exposed, n0: number of non exposed; ^C: calculated odds ratio from numbers of events and effectives

Forest plot

1: Controls unexposed, sick; 2: Epilepsy) (Levetiracetam; 3: Levetiracetam; 4: Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick; 5: Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, NOS; 6: Levetiracetam; 7: Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick; 8: Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick; 9: Controls unexposed sick; 10: Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick; 11: Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick; 12: Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick; 13: Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, disease free; 14: Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick;

Sensitivity analysis

Publication bias and p-hacking diagnosis

funnel plot

Asymetry test p-value = 0.4806 (by Egger's regression)

slope=-0.1492 (0.1358); intercept=0.2247 (0.3101); t=0.7247; p=0.4806

p values plot

Sub-groups analysis using all included studies

excluded 6063, 5938, 6330, 6331, 16700, 7999, 8083, 7505, 7495, 12688, 12884, 12824, 7547, 15842, 15825, 15854, 15837, 18051, 18088

S18088 R76146	Hao (Controls exposed to LTG), 2025	Major congenital malformation (MCM) (67)	1st trimester	exposed to other treatment, sick	0.83 [0.22;3.21]	8/268 3/84
S18089 R76148	Hao (Controls unexposed, sick), 2025	Major congenital malformation (MCM) (67)	1st trimester	unexposed, sick	0.63 [0.30;1.31]	8/268 10/261
S16709 R70296	Battino, 2024	Major congenital malformations (MCMs) (67)	early pregnancy	exposed to other treatment, sick	0.79 [0.53;1.19]	33/1325 110/3584
S16807 R70524	Ertürk Çetin (Epilepsy) (Levetiracetam), 2024	Minor and/or Major congenital malformations (67)	throughout pregnancy	exposed to other treatment, sick	3.33 [0.59;18.89]	12/18 3/8
S16686 R70237	Hoeltzenbein (Levetiracetam), 2024	Major birth defects (67)	at least 1st trimester	exposed to other treatment, sick	1.41 [0.58;3.44]	12/207 17/442
S18051 R76024	Vajda b (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2024	Fetal malformations (67)	early pregnancy	exposed to other treatment, sick	0.88 [0.37;2.12]	7/187 20/473
S18052 R76026	Vajda b (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2024	Fetal malformations (67)	at least 1st trimester	unexposed, sick	1.07 [0.38;3.00]	7/187 7/201
S17505 R73578	Wiggs, 2024	Major birth defects (67)	early pregnancy	unexposed, sick	0.68 [0.17;2.76]	-9/185 -9/9364
S15842 R65220	Bromley (Levetiracetam) (Controls exposed to LTG), 2023	Any congenital anomaly (67)	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	exposed to other treatment, sick	0.52 [0.16;1.71]	4/70 11/106
S15843 R65233	Bromley (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2023	Any congenital anomaly (67)	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	unexposed, sick	1.15 [0.28;4.79]	4/70 4/80
S15825 R65174	Cohen (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls exposed to LTG), 2023	Major congenital malformations (excluding genetic/chromosomal) (67)	1st trimester	exposed to other treatment, sick	0.78 [0.53;1.13]	30/1040 314/8339
S15826 R65176	Cohen (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2023	Major congenital malformations (excluding genetic/chromosomal) (67)	1st trimester	unexposed (general population or NOS)	0.95 [0.66;1.36]	30/1040 147928/4866362
S15854 R65265	Li (Levetiracetam) (Controls exposed to LTG), 2023	Major congenital malformation (67)	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	exposed to other treatment, sick	0.35 [0.01;18.06]	0/107 0/38
S15855 R65267	Li (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2023	Major congenital malformation (67)	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	unexposed, sick	0.15 [0.01;2.72]	0/107 7/253
S15837 R65199	Pekoz (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls exposed to LTG), 2023	Congenital malformations (major and minor) (67)	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	exposed to other treatment, sick	3.24 [0.87;12.02]	10/152 3/141
S15838 R65200	Pekoz (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2023	Congenital malformations (major and minor) (67)	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	unexposed, sick	2.96 [0.37;23.78]	10/152 1/43
S12502 R48770	Mari (Levetiracetam), 2022	Major foetal malformation (67)	throughout pregnancy	exposed to other treatment, sick	0.64 [0.01;34.59]	0/17 0/11
S12688 R48768	Alsfouk (Levetiracetam) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2021	Major congenital malformation (67)	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	exposed to other treatment, sick	0.11 [0.00;2.39]	0/24 2/15
S12686 R48769	Alsfouk (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021	Major congenital malformation (67)	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	unexposed, sick	0.40 [0.02;10.39]	0/24 1/30
S12884 R48691	Hosny (Levetiracetam) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2021	Major birth defects (67)	1st trimester	exposed to other treatment, sick	0.04 [0.00;2.38]	2/67 0/1
S12885 R48694	Hosny (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021	Major birth defects (67)	1st trimester	unexposed, sick	0.62 [0.05;7.15]	2/67 1/21
S12824 R48266	Thomas (Levetiracetam) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2021	Major congenital malformations (67)	1st trimester	exposed to other treatment, sick	2.43 [0.28;21.33]	5/106 1/50
S7547 R26782	Thomas (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2021	Major congenital malformations (67)	1st trimester	unexposed, disease free	0.97 [0.13;7.23]	1/30 11/319
S12823 R48256	Thomas (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021	Major congenital malformations (67)	1st trimester	unexposed, sick	1.16 [0.40;3.10]	5/106 16/340
S16700 R70269	Alsaadi (Controls exposed to LTG), 2020	All congenital malformations (majors and minors) (67)	1st trimester	exposed to other treatment, sick	0.30 [0.02;5.15]	1/38 1/12
S16701 R70273	Alsaadi (Controls unexposed sick), 2020	All congenital malformations (majors and minors) (67)	1st trimester	unexposed, sick	0.95 [0.06;15.71]	1/38 1/36
S7999 R26723	AlSheikh (Levetiracetam) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2020	Fetal/neonatal malformation (67)	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	exposed to other treatment, sick	2.29 [0.04;125.50]	0/9 0/20
S8000 R26724	AlSheikh (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2020	Fetal/neonatal malformation (67)	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	unexposed, sick	0.25 [0.01;7.34]	0/9 1/8
S8083 R24695	Aydin (Levetiracetam) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2020	Congenital chromosomal/structural anomalies (67)	throughout pregnancy	exposed to other treatment, sick	0.68 [0.01;39.07]	0/10 0/7
S8081 R24675	Aydin (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2020	Congenital chromosomal/structural anomalies (67)	throughout pregnancy	unexposed, sick	2.26 [0.04;122.79]	0/10 0/22
S7505 R26734	Meador (Levetiracetam) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2020	Major congenital malformations (67)	1st trimester	exposed to other treatment, sick	1.14 [0.32;4.07]	5/97 5/110
S7495 R26736	Meador (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2020	Major congenital malformations (67)	1st trimester	unexposed, disease free	2.83 [0.54;14.92]	5/97 2/106
S7501 R26735	Meador (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2020	Major congenital malformations (67)	1st trimester	unexposed, sick	0.76 [0.08;7.00]	5/97 1/15
S8038 R26733	Koc (Levetiracetam), 2018	Major congenital malformations (67)	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	unexposed, sick	1.11 [0.02;57.82]	0/28 0/31
S301 R26725	Arkilo (Levetiracetam), 2015	Major malformations (67)	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	exposed to other treatment, sick	2.24 [0.04;120.61]	0/11 0/24
S6240 R26726	Babic (Levetiracetam), 2014	Major congential malformations (67)	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	exposed to other treatment, sick	2.14 [0.03;131.94]	0/4 0/8
S6330 R26742	Veiby (Levetiracetam) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2014	Major malformations (67)	throughout pregnancy	exposed to other treatment, sick	0.44 [0.10;1.90]	2/114 23/593
S6331 R26743	Veiby (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2014	Major malformations (67)	throughout pregnancy	unexposed, disease free	0.66 [0.16;2.67]	2/114 22371/771412
S6332 R26744	Veiby (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014	Major malformations (67)	throughout pregnancy	unexposed, sick	0.62 [0.15;2.53]	2/114 106/3773
S5938 R26729	Hernández-Díaz (Levetiracetam) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2012	Major congenital malformations (67)	1st trimester	exposed to other treatment, sick	0.80 [0.30;2.10]	-9/-9 -9/-9
S7933 R26730	Hernández-Díaz (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2012	Major congenital malformations (67)	1st trimester	unexposed, disease free	2.20 [0.80;6.40]	11/450 5/442
S6063 R26738	Morrow (Levetiracetam) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2006	Major congenital malformation (67)	1st trimester	exposed to other treatment, sick	0.68 [0.04;11.54]	0/22 21/647
S6064 R26740	Morrow (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2006	Major congenital malformation (67)	1st trimester	unexposed, sick	0.60 [0.03;10.72]	0/22 8/227