Phenobarbital (Epilepsy) updated on 04-22-2025

ASD (Autism spectrum disorder): Diagnosis

R analysis
id Study   Lib. in paper Exposition period    Study type 
 Control type 
 
Tags OR 95%CI x1/n1 x0/n0 no cases no exposed ROB Ref.
S19470
R83067		 Straub (Controls unexposed, sick) (Phenobarbital) (Epilepsy), 2026 Autism spectrum disorder - ICD-10 codes: F84.x (except F84.2, F84.3) - Mean follow up (full cohort): 3.4 years during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) retrospective cohort (claims database) unexposed, sick Adjustment: Yes 0.27 [0.03;2.36] -/249   106/8,887 - 249
ref
S7981
R24258		 Coste (Phenobarbital) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2020 Diagnosis Pervasive developmental disorders (F84) (mean age of 3.6 years old) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) retrospective cohort (claims database) exposed to other treatment, sick excluded Adjustment: No Controls: mixed indications 1.60 [0.09;27.50] C
excluded (control group) 		0/84   10/2,813 10 84
ref
S7809
R23149		 Coste (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2020 Diagnosis Pervasive developmental disorders (F84) (mean age of 3.6 years old) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) retrospective cohort (claims database) unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: No 2.39 [0.15;38.48] C 0/84   4,280/1,710,441 4,280 84
ref
Total 2 studies 0.67 [0.08;5.53] 4,280 333
x1: number of endpoints among exposed, n1: number of exposed; x0: number of endpoints among non exposed, n0: number of non exposed; C: calculated odds ratio from numbers of events and effectives

Forest plot

StudyTE95% CIn casesn exposedweightROBABCDEF Straub (Controls unexposed, sick) (Phenobarbital) (Epilepsy), 2026Straub, 2026 1 0.27[0.03; 2.36]-24958%ROB confusion: seriousROB selection: lowROB classification: moderateROB missing: unclearROB mesure: criticalROB reporting: moderate Coste (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2020Coste, 2020 2 2.39[0.15; 38.48]4,2808442%ROB confusion: NAROB selection: NAROB classification: NAROB missing: NAROB mesure: NAROB reporting: NA Total (2 studies) I2 = 32% 0.67[0.08; 5.53]4,2803330.25.01.0ROB: A: confounding, B: selection, C: classification, D: missing, E: measurement, F: reportinglow,moderate,serious,critical,unclear,

1: Controls unexposed, sick) (Phenobarbital) (Epilepsy; 2: Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, NOS;

Sensitivity analysis

SubsetTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2 Type of studies cohort studiescohort studies 0.67[0.08; 5.53]4,28033332%NAStraub (Controls unexposed, sick) (Phenobarbital) (Epilepsy), 2026 Coste (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2020 2 case control studiescase control studies 0 Type of controls unexposed (disease free or unspecified)unexposed (disease free or unspecified) 2.39[0.15; 38.48]4,28084 -NACoste (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2020 1 unexposed, sickunexposed, sick 0.27[0.03; 2.39]-249 -NAStraub (Controls unexposed, sick) (Phenobarbital) (Epilepsy), 2026 1 Tags Adjustment   - No  - No 2.39[0.15; 38.48]4,28084 -NACoste (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2020 1   - Yes  - Yes 0.27[0.03; 2.39]-249 -NAStraub (Controls unexposed, sick) (Phenobarbital) (Epilepsy), 2026 1 All studiesAll studies 0.67[0.08; 5.53]4,28033332%NAStraub (Controls unexposed, sick) (Phenobarbital) (Epilepsy), 2026 Coste (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2020 20.15.01.0

Publication bias and p-hacking diagnosis

funnel plot

Funnel plot not drawn. Less than 3 points.

Asymetry test p-value = NaN (by Egger's regression)

not enought points

p values plot

Funnel plot not drawn. Less than 3 points.

Sub-groups analysis using all included studies

excluded 7981

Sub-groupsTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2ROB type of controls unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified)unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified) 2.39[0.15; 38.48]4,28084 -NACoste (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2020 1 unexposed, sick controlsunexposed, sick controls Out of scale0.27[0.03; 2.39]97249 -NAStraub (Controls unexposed, sick) (Phenobarbital) (Epilepsy), 2026 1 exposed to other treatment, sick controlsexposed to other treatment, sick controls 1.60[0.09; 27.50]1084 -NACoste (Phenobarbital) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2020 10.510.01.0