Phenobarbital (Epilepsy)

Hypospadias

R analysis
id Study   Lib. in paper Exposition period    Study type  Control type 
 
Tags OR 95%CI x1/n1 x0/n0 no cases no exposed ROB Ref.
S7660
R22660
Tomson (Phenobarbital), 2018 Hypospadias at least 1st trimester prospective cohort exposed to other treatment, sick Adjustment: No 1.43 [0.17;11.89] C 1/294   6/2,514 7 294
ref
S5941
R23803
Hernández-Díaz (Phenobarbital) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2012 Hypospadias 1st trimester prospective cohort exposed to other treatment, sick Adjustment: No Controls: mixed indications 23.72 [0.96;584.27] C 1/199   0/1,562 1 199
ref
S6500
R17856
Bànhidy (Phenobarbital), 2011 Hypospadias throughout pregnancy case control unexposed, sick Adjustment: No Matched 3.80 [0.06;243.53] C 0/   3/13 3 0
ref
S6686
R18617
D'Souza (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 1991 Hypospadias throughout pregnancy prospective cohort unexposed, disease free excluded Adjustment: No Matched 17.57 [0.30;1024.08] C
excluded (control group)
0/4   0/62 0 4
ref
S6694
R18778
D'Souza (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 Hypospadias throughout pregnancy prospective cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: No 2.14 [0.03;131.94] C 0/4   0/8 0 4
ref
S5526
R19276
Van der Pol (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 1991 Hypospadias throughout pregnancy prospective cohort unexposed, disease free excluded Adjustment: No Matched 4.74 [0.09;251.42] C
excluded (control group)
0/12   0/55 0 12
ref
S6824
R19326
Van der Pol (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 Hypospadias throughout pregnancy prospective cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: No 1.87 [0.03;100.54] C 0/12   0/22 0 12
ref
Total 5 studies 3.00 [0.73;12.35] 11 509
x1: number of endpoints among exposed, n1: number of exposed; x0: number of endpoints among non exposed, n0: number of non exposed; C: calculated odds ratio from numbers of events and effectives

Forest plot

StudyTE95% CIn casesn exposedweightROBABCDEF Tomson (Phenobarbital), 2018Tomson, 2018 1 1.43[0.17; 11.89]729445%ROB confusion: NAROB selection: NAROB classification: NAROB missing: NAROB mesure: NAROB reporting: NA Hernández-Díaz (Phenobarbital) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2012Hernández-Díaz, 2012 2 23.72[0.96; 584.27]119920%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: moderateROB classification: moderateROB missing: moderateROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Bànhidy (Phenobarbital), 2011Bànhidy, 2011 3 3.80[0.06; 243.53]3-12%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: criticalROB classification: lowROB missing: lowROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate D'Souza (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991D'Souza, 1991 4 2.14[0.03; 131.94]0412%ROB confusion: NAROB selection: NAROB classification: NAROB missing: NAROB mesure: NAROB reporting: NA Van der Pol (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991Van der Pol, 1991 5 1.87[0.03; 100.54]01213%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: moderateROB classification: moderateROB missing: lowROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Total (5 studies) I2 = 0% 3.00[0.73; 12.35]115090.550.01.0ROB: A: confusion, B: selection, C: classification, D: missing, E: measurement, F: reportinglow,moderate,serious,critical,unclear,

1: Phenobarbital; 2: Phenobarbital) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick; 3: Phenobarbital; 4: Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick; 5: Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick;

Sensitivity analysis

SubsetTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2 Type of studies cohort studiescohort studies 2.91[0.65; 13.10]85090%NATomson (Phenobarbital), 2018 Hernández-Díaz (Phenobarbital) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2012 D'Souza (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 Van der Pol (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 4 case control studiescase control studies 3.80[0.06; 243.53]3- -NABànhidy (Phenobarbital), 2011 1 Type of controls unexposed, sickunexposed, sick 2.46[0.23; 25.99]3160%NABànhidy (Phenobarbital), 2011 D'Souza (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 Van der Pol (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 3 exposed to other treatment, sickexposed to other treatment, sick 4.45[0.30; 66.56]849351%NATomson (Phenobarbital), 2018 Hernández-Díaz (Phenobarbital) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2012 2 Tags Adjustment   - No  - No 3.00[0.73; 12.35]115090%NATomson (Phenobarbital), 2018 Hernández-Díaz (Phenobarbital) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2012 Bànhidy (Phenobarbital), 2011 D'Souza (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 Van der Pol (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 5 Controls   - mixed indications  - mixed indications 23.72[0.96; 584.27]1199 -NAHernández-Díaz (Phenobarbital) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2012 1 MatchedMatched 3.80[0.06; 243.53]3- -NABànhidy (Phenobarbital), 2011 1 All studiesAll studies 3.00[0.73; 12.35]115090%NATomson (Phenobarbital), 2018 Hernández-Díaz (Phenobarbital) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2012 Bànhidy (Phenobarbital), 2011 D'Souza (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 Van der Pol (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 50.550.01.0

Publication bias and p-hacking diagnosis

funnel plot
0.0-5.06.12.5470.000Tomson (Phenobarbital), 2018Hernández-Díaz (Phenobarbital) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2012Bànhidy (Phenobarbital), 2011D'Souza (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991Van der Pol (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991

Asymetry test p-value = 0.5966 (by Egger's regression)

slope=-0.0817 (2.0831); intercept=0.7615 (1.2904); t=0.5901; p=0.5966

p values plot
0.01.00.01.0

Sub-groups analysis using all included studies

excluded 6686, 5526

Sub-groupsTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2ROB type of controls unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified)unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified) 8.99[0.52; 153.93]-160%NAD'Souza (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 1991 Van der Pol (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 1991 2 unexposed, sick controlsunexposed, sick controls 2.46[0.23; 25.99]3160%NABànhidy (Phenobarbital), 2011 D'Souza (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 Van der Pol (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 3 exposed to other treatment, sick controlsexposed to other treatment, sick controls 4.45[0.30; 66.56]849351%NATomson (Phenobarbital), 2018 Hernández-Díaz (Phenobarbital) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2012 20.510.01.0