Phenobarbital (Epilepsy) updated on 04-22-2025

Learning disorders

R analysis
id Study   Lib. in paper Exposition period    Study type 
 Control type 
 
Tags OR 95%CI x1/n1 x0/n0 no cases no exposed ROB Ref.
S19470
R83068		 Straub (Controls unexposed, sick) (Phenobarbital) (Epilepsy), 2026 Learning difficulty - ICD-10 codes: F81.0, F81.2, F81.8x, R48.0 - Mean follow up (full cohort): 3.4 years during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) retrospective cohort (claims database) unexposed, sick Adjustment: Yes 0.47 [0.09;2.32] -/249   43/8,887 - 249
ref
S5526
R19257		 Van der Pol (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 1991 Poor arithmetic (Dutch test) throughout pregnancy prospective cohort unexposed, disease free excluded Adjustment: No Matched 13.13 [1.66;103.68] C
excluded (control group) 		3/7   2/37 5 7
ref
S6824
R19309		 Van der Pol (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 Poor spelling (Dutch test) throughout pregnancy prospective cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: No 13.75 [1.48;127.48] C 5/7   2/13 7 7
ref
Total 2 studies 2.32 [0.09;63.27] 7 256
x1: number of endpoints among exposed, n1: number of exposed; x0: number of endpoints among non exposed, n0: number of non exposed; C: calculated odds ratio from numbers of events and effectives

Forest plot

StudyTE95% CIn casesn exposedweightROBABCDEF Straub (Controls unexposed, sick) (Phenobarbital) (Epilepsy), 2026Straub, 2026 1 0.47[0.09; 2.32]-24953%ROB confusion: seriousROB selection: lowROB classification: moderateROB missing: unclearROB mesure: criticalROB reporting: moderate Van der Pol (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991Van der Pol, 1991 2 13.75[1.48; 127.48]7747%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: lowROB classification: moderateROB missing: criticalROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Total (2 studies) I2 = 83% 2.32[0.09; 63.27]72560.250.01.0ROB: A: confounding, B: selection, C: classification, D: missing, E: measurement, F: reportinglow,moderate,serious,critical,unclear,

1: Controls unexposed, sick) (Phenobarbital) (Epilepsy; 2: Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick;

Sensitivity analysis

SubsetTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2 Type of studies cohort studiescohort studies 2.32[0.09; 63.27]725683%NAStraub (Controls unexposed, sick) (Phenobarbital) (Epilepsy), 2026 Van der Pol (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 2 case control studiescase control studies 0 Type of controls unexposed, sickunexposed, sick 2.32[0.09; 63.27]725683%NAStraub (Controls unexposed, sick) (Phenobarbital) (Epilepsy), 2026 Van der Pol (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 2 Tags Adjustment   - No  - No 13.75[1.48; 127.48]77 -NAVan der Pol (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 1   - Yes  - Yes 0.47[0.09; 2.39]-249 -NAStraub (Controls unexposed, sick) (Phenobarbital) (Epilepsy), 2026 1 All studiesAll studies 2.32[0.09; 63.27]725683%NAStraub (Controls unexposed, sick) (Phenobarbital) (Epilepsy), 2026 Van der Pol (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 20.250.01.0

Publication bias and p-hacking diagnosis

funnel plot

Funnel plot not drawn. Less than 3 points.

Asymetry test p-value = NaN (by Egger's regression)

not enought points

p values plot

Funnel plot not drawn. Less than 3 points.

Sub-groups analysis using all included studies

excluded 5526

Sub-groupsTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2ROB type of controls unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified)unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified) Out of scale13.13[1.66; 103.68]57 -NAVan der Pol (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 1991 1 unexposed, sick controlsunexposed, sick controls 2.32[0.09; 63.27]4125683%NAStraub (Controls unexposed, sick) (Phenobarbital) (Epilepsy), 2026 Van der Pol (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 20.510.01.0

Umbrella review (other published meta-analyses)

Published MAControlPeriodTE95% CIn exposedkI2 Karain (Epilepsy) (Educational outcomes (Spec ...Karain (Epilepsy) (Educational outcomes (Special educational needs, Learning difficulties/classroom support, School-related behaviour, Academic performance)) 1.61[0.58; 4.50]41%-Wwhatever (meta-analysis)Anyduring pregnancy (anytime or not specified)studies TTT2 metaPregmetaPreg 2.32[0.09; 63.27]83%256----Straub (Controls unexposed, sick) (Phenobarbital) (Epilepsy), 2026 Van der Pol (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 20.510.01.0