Primidone AND Phenobarbital (Epilepsy) updated on 04-22-2025

Hypospadias

R analysis
id Study   Lib. in paper Exposition period    Study type 
 Control type 
 
Tags OR 95%CI x1/n1 x0/n0 no cases no exposed ROB Ref.
S8694
R29313		 Tomson (Phenobarbital or Primidone), 2018 Hypospadias at least 1st trimester prospective cohort exposed to other treatment, sick Adjustment: No 1.43 [0.17;11.89] C 1/294   6/2,514 7 294
ref
S8656
R29147		 Hernández-Díaz (Phenobarbital), 2012 Hypospadias 1st trimester prospective cohort exposed to other treatment, sick Adjustment: No Controls: mixed indications 23.72 [0.96;584.27] C 1/199   0/1,562 1 199
ref
S8671
R29205		 Bànhidy (Phenobarbital or Primidone), 2011 Hypospadias throughout pregnancy case control unexposed, sick Adjustment: No Matched 0.29 [0.01;7.14] C 0/6   3/13 3 6
ref
S8650
R29050		 D'Souza (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 1991 Hypospadias throughout pregnancy prospective cohort unexposed, disease free excluded Adjustment: No Matched 17.57 [0.30;1024.08] C
excluded (control group) 		0/4   0/62 0 4
ref
S8651
R29079		 D'Souza (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 Hypospadias throughout pregnancy prospective cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: No 2.14 [0.03;131.94] C 0/4   0/8 0 4
ref
S8714
R29430		 Van der Pol (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 1991 Hypospadias throughout pregnancy prospective cohort unexposed, disease free excluded Adjustment: No Matched 4.74 [0.09;251.42] C
excluded (control group) 		0/12   0/55 0 12
ref
S8715
R29455		 Van der Pol (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 Hypospadias throughout pregnancy prospective cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: No 1.87 [0.03;100.54] C 0/12   0/22 0 12
ref
Total 5 studies 1.92 [0.49;7.48] 11 515
x1: number of endpoints among exposed, n1: number of exposed; x0: number of endpoints among non exposed, n0: number of non exposed; C: calculated odds ratio from numbers of events and effectives

Forest plot

StudyTE95% CIn casesn exposedweightROBABCDEF Tomson (Phenobarbital or Primidone), 2018Tomson, 2018 1 1.43[0.17; 11.89]729441%ROB confusion: NAROB selection: NAROB classification: NAROB missing: NAROB mesure: NAROB reporting: NA Hernández-Díaz (Phenobarbital), 2012Hernández-Díaz, 2012 2 23.72[0.96; 584.27]119918%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: moderateROB classification: moderateROB missing: moderateROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Bànhidy (Phenobarbital or Primidone), 2011Bànhidy, 2011 3 0.29[0.01; 7.14]3618%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: criticalROB classification: lowROB missing: lowROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate D'Souza (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991D'Souza, 1991 4 2.14[0.03; 131.94]0411%ROB confusion: NAROB selection: NAROB classification: NAROB missing: NAROB mesure: NAROB reporting: NA Van der Pol (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991Van der Pol, 1991 5 1.87[0.03; 100.54]01212%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: moderateROB classification: moderateROB missing: lowROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Total (5 studies) I2 = 0% 1.92[0.49; 7.48]115150.250.01.0ROB: A: confusion, B: selection, C: classification, D: missing, E: measurement, F: reportinglow,moderate,serious,critical,unclear,

1: Phenobarbital or Primidone; 2: Phenobarbital; 3: Phenobarbital or Primidone; 4: Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick; 5: Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick;

Sensitivity analysis

SubsetTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2 Type of studies cohort studiescohort studies 2.91[0.65; 13.10]85090%NATomson (Phenobarbital or Primidone), 2018 Hernández-Díaz (Phenobarbital), 2012 D'Souza (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 Van der Pol (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 4 case control studiescase control studies 0.29[0.01; 7.14]36 -NABànhidy (Phenobarbital or Primidone), 2011 1 Type of controls unexposed, sickunexposed, sick 0.85[0.10; 7.16]3220%NABànhidy (Phenobarbital or Primidone), 2011 D'Souza (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 Van der Pol (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 3 exposed to other treatment, sickexposed to other treatment, sick 4.45[0.30; 66.56]849351%NATomson (Phenobarbital or Primidone), 2018 Hernández-Díaz (Phenobarbital), 2012 2 Tags Adjustment   - No  - No 1.92[0.49; 7.48]115150%NATomson (Phenobarbital or Primidone), 2018 Hernández-Díaz (Phenobarbital), 2012 Bànhidy (Phenobarbital or Primidone), 2011 D'Souza (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 Van der Pol (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 5 Controls   - mixed indications  - mixed indications 23.72[0.96; 584.27]1199 -NAHernández-Díaz (Phenobarbital), 2012 1 MatchedMatched 0.29[0.01; 7.14]36 -NABànhidy (Phenobarbital or Primidone), 2011 1 All studiesAll studies 1.92[0.49; 7.48]115150%NATomson (Phenobarbital or Primidone), 2018 Hernández-Díaz (Phenobarbital), 2012 Bànhidy (Phenobarbital or Primidone), 2011 D'Souza (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 Van der Pol (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 50.150.01.0

Publication bias and p-hacking diagnosis

funnel plot
0.0-4.95.62.5230.000Tomson (Phenobarbital or Primidone), 2018Hernández-Díaz (Phenobarbital), 2012Bànhidy (Phenobarbital or Primidone), 2011D'Souza (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991Van der Pol (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991

Asymetry test p-value = 0.8228 (by Egger's regression)

slope=-0.0777 (3.0821); intercept=0.4847 (1.9845); t=0.2443; p=0.8228

p values plot
0.01.00.01.0

Sub-groups analysis using all included studies

excluded 8650, 8714

Sub-groupsTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2ROB type of controls unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified)unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified) 8.99[0.52; 153.93]-160%NAD'Souza (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 1991 Van der Pol (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 1991 2 unexposed, sick controlsunexposed, sick controls 0.85[0.10; 7.16]3220%NABànhidy (Phenobarbital or Primidone), 2011 D'Souza (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 Van der Pol (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 3 exposed to other treatment, sick controlsexposed to other treatment, sick controls 4.45[0.30; 66.56]849351%NATomson (Phenobarbital or Primidone), 2018 Hernández-Díaz (Phenobarbital), 2012 20.510.01.0