Primidone AND Phenobarbital (Epilepsy) updated on 04-22-2025

Hypospadias

R analysis
id Study   Lib. in paper Exposition period    Study type 
 Control type 
 
Tags OR 95%CI x1/n1 x0/n0 no cases no exposed ROB Ref.
S8694
R29313		 Tomson (Phenobarbital or Primidone), 2018 Hypospadias at least 1st trimester prospective cohort exposed to other treatment, sick Adjustment: No 1.43 [0.17;11.89] C 1/294   6/2,514 7 294
ref
S8656
R29147		 Hernández-Díaz (Phenobarbital) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2012 Hypospadias 1st trimester prospective cohort exposed to other treatment, sick Adjustment: No Controls: mixed indications 23.72 [0.96;584.27] C 1/199   0/1,562 1 199
ref
S8671
R29205		 Bànhidy (Phenobarbital or Primidone), 2011 Hypospadias throughout pregnancy case control unexposed, sick Adjustment: No Matched 0.29 [0.01;7.14] C 0/6   3/13 3 6
ref
S8650
R29050		 D'Souza (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 1991 Hypospadias throughout pregnancy prospective cohort unexposed, disease free excluded Adjustment: No Matched 17.57 [0.30;1024.08] C
excluded (control group) 		0/4   0/62 0 4
ref
S8651
R29079		 D'Souza (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 Hypospadias throughout pregnancy prospective cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: No 2.14 [0.03;131.94] C 0/4   0/8 0 4
ref
S8714
R29430		 Van der Pol (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 1991 Hypospadias throughout pregnancy prospective cohort unexposed, disease free excluded Adjustment: No Matched 4.74 [0.09;251.42] C
excluded (control group) 		0/12   0/55 0 12
ref
S8715
R29455		 Van der Pol (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 Hypospadias throughout pregnancy prospective cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: No 1.87 [0.03;100.54] C 0/12   0/22 0 12
ref
Total 5 studies 1.92 [0.49;7.48] 11 515
x1: number of endpoints among exposed, n1: number of exposed; x0: number of endpoints among non exposed, n0: number of non exposed; C: calculated odds ratio from numbers of events and effectives

Forest plot

StudyTE95% CIn casesn exposedweightROBABCDEF Tomson (Phenobarbital or Primidone), 2018Tomson, 2018 1 1.43[0.17; 11.89]729441%ROB confusion: NAROB selection: NAROB classification: NAROB missing: NAROB mesure: NAROB reporting: NA Hernández-Díaz (Phenobarbital) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2012Hernández-Díaz, 2012 2 23.72[0.96; 584.27]119918%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: moderateROB classification: moderateROB missing: moderateROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Bànhidy (Phenobarbital or Primidone), 2011Bànhidy, 2011 3 0.29[0.01; 7.14]3618%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: criticalROB classification: lowROB missing: lowROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate D'Souza (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991D'Souza, 1991 4 2.14[0.03; 131.94]0411%ROB confusion: NAROB selection: NAROB classification: NAROB missing: NAROB mesure: NAROB reporting: NA Van der Pol (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991Van der Pol, 1991 5 1.87[0.03; 100.54]01212%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: moderateROB classification: moderateROB missing: lowROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Total (5 studies) I2 = 0% 1.92[0.49; 7.48]115150.250.01.0ROB: A: confusion, B: selection, C: classification, D: missing, E: measurement, F: reportinglow,moderate,serious,critical,unclear,

1: Phenobarbital or Primidone; 2: Phenobarbital) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick; 3: Phenobarbital or Primidone; 4: Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick; 5: Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick;

Sensitivity analysis

SubsetTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2 Type of studies cohort studiescohort studies 2.91[0.65; 13.10]85090%NATomson (Phenobarbital or Primidone), 2018 Hernández-Díaz (Phenobarbital) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2012 D'Souza (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 Van der Pol (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 4 case control studiescase control studies 0.29[0.01; 7.14]36 -NABànhidy (Phenobarbital or Primidone), 2011 1 Type of controls unexposed, sickunexposed, sick 0.85[0.10; 7.16]3220%NABànhidy (Phenobarbital or Primidone), 2011 D'Souza (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 Van der Pol (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 3 exposed to other treatment, sickexposed to other treatment, sick 4.45[0.30; 66.56]849351%NATomson (Phenobarbital or Primidone), 2018 Hernández-Díaz (Phenobarbital) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2012 2 Tags Adjustment   - No  - No 1.92[0.49; 7.48]115150%NATomson (Phenobarbital or Primidone), 2018 Hernández-Díaz (Phenobarbital) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2012 Bànhidy (Phenobarbital or Primidone), 2011 D'Souza (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 Van der Pol (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 5 Controls   - mixed indications  - mixed indications 23.72[0.96; 584.27]1199 -NAHernández-Díaz (Phenobarbital) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2012 1 MatchedMatched 0.29[0.01; 7.14]36 -NABànhidy (Phenobarbital or Primidone), 2011 1 All studiesAll studies 1.92[0.49; 7.48]115150%NATomson (Phenobarbital or Primidone), 2018 Hernández-Díaz (Phenobarbital) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2012 Bànhidy (Phenobarbital or Primidone), 2011 D'Souza (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 Van der Pol (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 50.150.01.0

Publication bias and p-hacking diagnosis

funnel plot
0.0-4.95.62.5230.000Tomson (Phenobarbital or Primidone), 2018Hernández-Díaz (Phenobarbital) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2012Bànhidy (Phenobarbital or Primidone), 2011D'Souza (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991Van der Pol (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991

Asymetry test p-value = 0.8228 (by Egger's regression)

slope=-0.0777 (3.0821); intercept=0.4847 (1.9845); t=0.2443; p=0.8228

p values plot
0.01.00.01.0

Sub-groups analysis using all included studies

excluded 8650, 8714

Sub-groupsTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2ROB type of controls unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified)unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified) 8.99[0.52; 153.93]-160%NAD'Souza (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 1991 Van der Pol (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 1991 2 unexposed, sick controlsunexposed, sick controls 0.85[0.10; 7.16]3220%NABànhidy (Phenobarbital or Primidone), 2011 D'Souza (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 Van der Pol (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 3 exposed to other treatment, sick controlsexposed to other treatment, sick controls 4.45[0.30; 66.56]849351%NATomson (Phenobarbital or Primidone), 2018 Hernández-Díaz (Phenobarbital) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2012 20.510.01.0