Primidone AND Phenobarbital (Epilepsy) updated on 04-22-2025

Spina bifida

R analysis
id Study   Lib. in paper Exposition period    Study type 
 Control type 
 
Tags OR 95%CI x1/n1 x0/n0 no cases no exposed ROB Ref.
S8666
R29191		 Veiby (Phenobarbital) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2014 Spina bifida throughout pregnancy population based cohort retrospective exposed to other treatment, sick excluded Adjustment: No 33.86 [0.65;1756.14] C
excluded (control group) 		0/18   0/593 0 18
ref
S8668
R29196		 Veiby (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 Spina bifida throughout pregnancy population based cohort retrospective unexposed, sick Adjustment: No 30.77 [1.53;618.20] C 0/18   3/3,773 3 18
ref
S8676
R29223		 Czeizel (Primidone), 1992 Spina bifida throughout pregnancy case control unexposed, sick Adjustment: No 0.71 [0.01;49.71] C 0/3   1/4 1 3
ref
S8714
R29423		 Van der Pol (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 1991 Spina bifida occulta throughout pregnancy prospective cohort unexposed, disease free excluded Adjustment: No Matched 4.74 [0.09;251.42] C
excluded (control group) 		0/12   0/55 0 12
ref
S8715
R29448		 Van der Pol (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 Spina bifida occulta throughout pregnancy prospective cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: No 0.59 [0.02;15.81] C 0/12   1/22 1 12
ref
Total 3 studies 2.86 [0.19;42.89] 5 33
x1: number of endpoints among exposed, n1: number of exposed; x0: number of endpoints among non exposed, n0: number of non exposed; C: calculated odds ratio from numbers of events and effectives

Forest plot

StudyTE95% CIn casesn exposedweightROBABCDEF Veiby (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014Veiby, 2014 1 30.77[1.53; 618.20]31839%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: moderateROB classification: moderateROB missing: moderateROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Czeizel (Primidone), 1992Czeizel, 1992 2 0.71[0.01; 49.71]1326%ROB confusion: NAROB selection: NAROB classification: NAROB missing: NAROB mesure: NAROB reporting: NA Van der Pol (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991Van der Pol, 1991 3 0.59[0.02; 15.81]11235%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: moderateROB classification: moderateROB missing: lowROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Total (3 studies) I2 = 46% 2.86[0.19; 42.89]5330.2100.01.0ROB: A: confusion, B: selection, C: classification, D: missing, E: measurement, F: reportinglow,moderate,serious,critical,unclear,

1: Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick; 2: Primidone; 3: Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick;

Sensitivity analysis

SubsetTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2 Type of studies cohort studiescohort studies 4.53[0.09; 216.52]43067%NAVeiby (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 Van der Pol (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 2 case control studiescase control studies 0.71[0.01; 49.71]13 -NACzeizel (Primidone), 1992 1 Type of controls unexposed, sickunexposed, sick 2.86[0.19; 42.89]53346%NAVeiby (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 Czeizel (Primidone), 1992 Van der Pol (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 3 Tags Adjustment   - No  - No 2.86[0.19; 42.89]53346%NAVeiby (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 Czeizel (Primidone), 1992 Van der Pol (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 3 All studiesAll studies 2.86[0.19; 42.89]53346%NAVeiby (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 Czeizel (Primidone), 1992 Van der Pol (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 30.2100.01.0

Publication bias and p-hacking diagnosis

funnel plot

Funnel plot not drawn. Less than 3 points.

Asymetry test p-value = NaN (by Egger's regression)

not enought points

p values plot

Funnel plot not drawn. Less than 3 points.

Sub-groups analysis using all included studies

excluded 8714, 8666

Sub-groupsTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2ROB type of controls unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified)unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified) 4.74[0.09; 251.42]-12 -NAVan der Pol (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 1991 1 unexposed, sick controlsunexposed, sick controls 2.86[0.19; 42.89]53346%NAVeiby (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 Czeizel (Primidone), 1992 Van der Pol (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 3 exposed to other treatment, sick controlsexposed to other treatment, sick controls Out of scale33.86[0.65; 1756.14]-18 -NAVeiby (Phenobarbital) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2014 10.510.01.0