Primidone AND Phenobarbital (Epilepsy) updated on 04-22-2025

Cognitive developmental disorders/delay (> 6 years old)

R analysis
id Study   Lib. in paper Exposition period    Study type 
 Control type 
 
Tags OR 95%CI x1/n1 x0/n0 no cases no exposed ROB Ref.
S12895
R53755		 Adams (Phenobarbital), 2022 Full Scale IQ - The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, 3rd Edition (WISC-III) (mean >6 years old) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) retrospective cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: No extrapolated (cont. endpoint) Matched 3.07 [1.27;7.44] -/34   -/34 - 34
ref
S15865
R65309		 Thomas a (Phenobarbitone), 2022 Full-scale IQ - Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children or Adult - Ages 13 to 21 years (mean of 16.5 ± 2.2 years) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) prospective cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: No extrapolated (cont. endpoint) 2.87 [0.63;13.14] -/12   -/11 - 12
ref
S8716
R53757		 Titze (Phenobarbital or Primidone) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2008 Learning disability (IQ<70) (German versions of the revised Wechsler Intelligence Scales for children and for adults) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) prospective cohort unexposed, disease free excluded Adjustment: No Matched 4.22 [0.08;223.98] C
excluded (control group) 		0/12   0/49 0 12
ref
S8717
R53758		 Titze (Phenobarbital or Primidone) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2008 Learning disability (IQ<70) (German versions of the revised Wechsler Intelligence Scales for children and for adults) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) prospective cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: No 0.33 [0.01;9.07] C 0/12   1/13 1 12
ref
Total 3 studies 2.70 [1.28;5.68] 1 58
x1: number of endpoints among exposed, n1: number of exposed; x0: number of endpoints among non exposed, n0: number of non exposed; C: calculated odds ratio from numbers of events and effectives

Forest plot

StudyTE95% CIn casesn exposedweightROBABCDEF Adams (Phenobarbital), 2022Adams, 2022 1 3.07[1.27; 7.44]-3471%ROB confusion: seriousROB selection: moderateROB classification: criticalROB missing: lowROB mesure: lowROB reporting: moderate Thomas a (Phenobarbitone), 2022Thomas a, 2022 2 2.87[0.63; 13.14]-1224%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: criticalROB classification: criticalROB missing: criticalROB mesure: lowROB reporting: moderate Titze (Phenobarbital or Primidone) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2008Titze, 2008 3 0.33[0.01; 9.07]1125%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: moderateROB classification: moderateROB missing: moderateROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Total (3 studies) I2 = 0% 2.70[1.28; 5.68]1580.210.01.0ROB: A: confusion, B: selection, C: classification, D: missing, E: measurement, F: reportinglow,moderate,serious,critical,unclear,

1: Phenobarbital; 2: Phenobarbitone; 3: Phenobarbital or Primidone) (Controls unexposed, sick;

Sensitivity analysis

SubsetTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2 Type of studies cohort studiescohort studies 2.70[1.28; 5.68]1580%NAAdams (Phenobarbital), 2022 Thomas a (Phenobarbitone), 2022 Titze (Phenobarbital or Primidone) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2008 3 case control studiescase control studies 0 Type of controls unexposed, sickunexposed, sick 2.70[1.28; 5.68]1580%NAAdams (Phenobarbital), 2022 Thomas a (Phenobarbitone), 2022 Titze (Phenobarbital or Primidone) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2008 3 Tags Adjustment   - No  - No 2.70[1.28; 5.68]1580%NAAdams (Phenobarbital), 2022 Thomas a (Phenobarbitone), 2022 Titze (Phenobarbital or Primidone) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2008 3 extrapolated (cont. endpoint)extrapolated (cont. endpoint) 3.02[1.41; 6.48]-460%NAAdams (Phenobarbital), 2022 Thomas a (Phenobarbitone), 2022 2 MatchedMatched 3.07[1.27; 7.43]-34 -NAAdams (Phenobarbital), 2022 1 All studiesAll studies 2.70[1.28; 5.68]1580%NAAdams (Phenobarbital), 2022 Thomas a (Phenobarbitone), 2022 Titze (Phenobarbital or Primidone) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2008 30.110.01.0

Publication bias and p-hacking diagnosis

funnel plot

Funnel plot not drawn. Less than 3 points.

Asymetry test p-value = NaN (by Egger's regression)

not enought points

p values plot

Funnel plot not drawn. Less than 3 points.

Sub-groups analysis using all included studies

excluded 8716

Sub-groupsTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2ROB type of controls unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified)unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified) 4.22[0.08; 223.98]-12 -NATitze (Phenobarbital or Primidone) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2008 1 unexposed, sick controlsunexposed, sick controls 2.70[1.28; 5.68]1580%NAAdams (Phenobarbital), 2022 Thomas a (Phenobarbitone), 2022 Titze (Phenobarbital or Primidone) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2008 30.510.01.0