Lamotrigine (All indications) updated on 04-22-2025

Major congenital malformations

R analysis
id Study   Lib. in paper Exposition period    Study type 
 Control type 
 
Tags OR 95%CI x1/n1 x0/n0 no cases no exposed ROB Ref.
S18035
R75976		 Hao (Lamotrigine) (Epilepsy), 2025 Major congenital malformation (MCM) 1st trimester prospective cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: No 0.81 [0.26;2.52] 3/84   10/261 13 84
ref
S18065
R76051		 Vajda (Epilepsy), 2025 Fetal malformations at least 1st trimester prospective cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: No 1.37 [0.60;3.16] 22/490   7/214 29 490
ref
S17498
R73505		 Wiggs (Epilepsy) (Lamotrigine), 2024 Major birth defects early pregnancy population based cohort retrospective unexposed, sick Adjustment: Yes 0.95 [0.67;1.33] -/1,412   -/9,364 - 1,412
ref
S15218
R62397		 Bromley (Lamotrigine) (Epilepsy), 2023 Major congenital anomaly during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) excluded prospective cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: No 0.75 [0.15;3.81] C
excluded (exposition period) 		3/106   3/80 6 106
ref
S15197
R62327		 Cohen (Lamotrigine) (Mixed indications), 2023 Major congenital malformations (excluding genetic/chromosomal) 1st trimester population based cohort retrospective unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: Yes Partial overlapping 0.97 [0.87;1.08] 314/8,339   147,928/4,866,362 148,242 8,339
ref
S15263
R62748		 Li (Lamotrigine) (Epilepsy), 2023 Major congenital malformation during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) excluded prospective cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: No 0.44 [0.02;7.80] C
excluded (exposition period) 		0/38   7/253 7 38
ref
S16174
R67065		 The NAAED (Indications NOS), 2023 Major congenital malformations 1st trimester prospective cohort unexposed, disease free Adjustment: No 1.87 [1.05;3.33] C 52/2,461   15/1,311 67 2,461
ref
S12678
R47913		 Alsfouk (Lamotrigine), 2021 Major congenital malformation during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) excluded retrospective cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: No 4.46 [0.37;53.71] C
excluded (exposition period) 		2/15   1/30 3 15
ref
S12677
R47909		 Hosny, 2021 Major birth defects 1st trimester prospective cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: No 2.60 [0.08;82.80] C 0/3   1/21 1 3
ref
S8923
R30161		 Thomas (Lamotrigine) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2021 Major congenital malformations 1st trimester prospective cohort unexposed, disease free excluded Adjustment: No 0.76 [0.10;5.75]
excluded (control group) 		1/38   11/319 12 38
ref
S8924
R48246		 Thomas (Lamotrigine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021 Major congenital malformations 1st trimester prospective cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: Yes 0.50 [0.10;3.70] 1/50   16/340 17 50
ref
S16152
R67030		 Alsaadi (Lamotrigine) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed sick), 2020 Major congenital malformations 1st trimester retrospective cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: No 1.00 [0.04;26.30] C 0/12   1/36 1 12
ref
S8901
R30052		 AlSheikh (Lamotrigine), 2020 Fetal/neonatal malformation during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) excluded prospective cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: No 0.11 [0.00;3.08] C
excluded (exposition period) 		0/20   1/8 1 20
ref
S8911
R30115		 Meador (Lamotrigine) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2020 Major congenital malformations 1st trimester prospective cohort unexposed, disease free excluded Adjustment: No 2.48 [0.47;13.05] C
excluded (control group) 		5/110   2/106 7 110
ref
S8912
R30119		 Meador (Lamotrigine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2020 Major congenital malformations 1st trimester prospective cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: No 0.67 [0.07;6.13] C 5/110   1/15 6 110
ref
S8920
R30146		 Diav-Citrin (Lamotrigine), 2017 Major anomalies excluding chromosomal or genetic anomalies at least 1st trimester prospective cohort unexposed, disease free Adjustment: No 2.04 [0.81;5.13] C 6/114   22/828 28 114
ref
S10208
R37400		 Petersen (Lamotrigine) (Controls unexposed NOS), 2017 Major congenital malformation 1st trimester retrospective cohort (claims database) unexposed (general population or NOS) excluded Adjustment: Yes 0.95 [0.51;1.79]
excluded (control group) 		10/357   5,315/239,151 5,325 357
ref
S10209
R37401		 Petersen (Lamotrigine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2017 Major congenital malformation 1st trimester retrospective cohort (claims database) unexposed, sick Adjustment: Yes 0.88 [0.44;1.75] 9/344   86/2,844 95 344
ref
S8926
R30166		 Vanya (Lamotrigine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2015 Major congenital malformations throughout pregnancy retrospective cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: No 3.55 [0.06;199.99] C 0/6   0/20 0 6
ref
S8917
R30138		 Campbell (Lamotrigine), 2014 Major malformations 1st trimester prospective cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: No 0.97 [0.52;1.80] C 49/2,098   13/541 62 2,098
ref
S8964
R30360		 Veiby (Lamotrigine) (Controls unexposed, disease free) (Mixed indications), 2014 Major malformations throughout pregnancy population based cohort retrospective unexposed, disease free excluded Adjustment: Yes Partial overlapping 1.26 [0.87;1.84]
excluded (control group) 		28/833   22,371/771,412 22,399 833
ref
S8965
R30363		 Veiby (Lamotrigine) (Controls unexposed, sick) (Mixed indications), 2014 Major malformations throughout pregnancy population based cohort retrospective unexposed, sick Adjustment: No Controls: epilepsy indication Partial overlapping 1.20 [0.79;1.84] C 28/833   106/3,773 134 833
ref
S8966
R30365		 Cassina (Lamotrigine) (Mixed indications), 2013 Major congenital anomalies 1st trimester prospective cohort unexposed, disease free Adjustment: No 0.34 [0.02;5.59] C 0/46   25/803 25 46
ref
S8905
R30089		 Charlton (Lamotrigine), 2011 Major congenital malformations 1st trimester retrospective cohort (claims database) unexposed, sick Adjustment: No 1.26 [0.38;4.17] 3/98   22/902 25 98
ref
S8909
R30109		 Mawer (Lamotrigine) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2010 Major malformations 1st trimester prospective cohort unexposed, disease free excluded Adjustment: No Matched 2.66 [0.52;13.68]
excluded (control group) 		2/37   6/285 8 37
ref
S8910
R30111		 Mawer (Lamotrigine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2010 Major malformations 1st trimester prospective cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: No 2.29 [0.20;26.30] C 2/37   1/41 3 37
ref
S8919
R30144		 Dean (Lamotrigine), 2007 Major malformation during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) excluded retrospective cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: No 1.73 [0.07;40.78] C
excluded (exposition period) 		0/4   3/46 3 4
ref
Total 17 studies 1.01 [0.92;1.11] 148,748 16,537
x1: number of endpoints among exposed, n1: number of exposed; x0: number of endpoints among non exposed, n0: number of non exposed; C: calculated odds ratio from numbers of events and effectives

Forest plot

StudyTE95% CIn casesn exposedweightROBABCDEF Hao (Lamotrigine) (Epilepsy), 2025Hao, 2025 1 0.81[0.26; 2.52]13841%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: moderateROB classification: moderateROB missing: lowROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Vajda (Epilepsy), 2025Vajda, 2025 2 1.37[0.60; 3.16]294901%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: moderateROB classification: moderateROB missing: moderateROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Wiggs (Epilepsy) (Lamotrigine), 2024Wiggs, 2024 3 0.95[0.67; 1.33]-1,4128%ROB confusion: seriousROB selection: moderateROB classification: moderateROB missing: lowROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Cohen (Lamotrigine) (Mixed indications), 2023Cohen, 2023 4 0.97[0.87; 1.08]148,2428,33976%ROB confusion: seriousROB selection: lowROB classification: moderateROB missing: unclearROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate The NAAED (Indications NOS), 2023The NAAED, 2023 5 1.87[1.05; 3.33]672,4613%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: unclearROB classification: moderateROB missing: unclearROB mesure: criticalROB reporting: low Hosny, 2021Hosny, 2021 2.60[0.08; 82.80]130%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: moderateROB classification: unclearROB missing: lowROB mesure: unclearROB reporting: moderate Thomas (Lamotrigine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021Thomas, 2021 6 0.50[0.10; 3.70]17500%ROB confusion: seriousROB selection: moderateROB classification: moderateROB missing: unclearROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Alsaadi (Lamotrigine) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed sick), 2020Alsaadi, 2020 7 1.00[0.04; 26.30]1120%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: unclearROB classification: criticalROB missing: lowROB mesure: criticalROB reporting: moderate Meador (Lamotrigine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2020Meador, 2020 8 0.67[0.07; 6.13]61100%ROB confusion: unclearROB selection: lowROB classification: lowROB missing: lowROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: low Diav-Citrin (Lamotrigine), 2017Diav-Citrin, 2017 9 2.04[0.81; 5.13]281141%ROB confusion: NAROB selection: NAROB classification: NAROB missing: NAROB mesure: NAROB reporting: NA Petersen (Lamotrigine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2017Petersen, 2017 10 0.88[0.44; 1.75]953442%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: moderateROB classification: criticalROB missing: unclearROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Vanya (Lamotrigine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2015Vanya, 2015 11 3.55[0.06; 199.99]060%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: criticalROB classification: unclearROB missing: unclearROB mesure: unclearROB reporting: moderate Campbell (Lamotrigine), 2014Campbell, 2014 12 0.97[0.52; 1.80]622,0982%ROB confusion: unclearROB selection: lowROB classification: moderateROB missing: unclearROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Veiby (Lamotrigine) (Controls unexposed, sick) (Mixed indications), 2014Veiby, 2014 13 1.20[0.79; 1.84]1348335%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: moderateROB classification: moderateROB missing: moderateROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Cassina (Lamotrigine) (Mixed indications), 2013Cassina, 2013 14 0.34[0.02; 5.59]25460%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: moderateROB classification: moderateROB missing: unclearROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Charlton (Lamotrigine), 2011Charlton, 2011 15 1.26[0.38; 4.17]25981%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: moderateROB classification: criticalROB missing: unclearROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Mawer (Lamotrigine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2010Mawer, 2010 16 2.29[0.20; 26.30]3370%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: moderateROB classification: lowROB missing: moderateROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Total (17 studies) I2 = 0% 1.01[0.92; 1.11]148,74816,5370.210.01.0ROB: A: confusion, B: selection, C: classification, D: missing, E: measurement, F: reportinglow,moderate,serious,critical,unclear,

1: Lamotrigine) (Epilepsy; 2: Epilepsy; 3: Epilepsy) (Lamotrigine; 4: Lamotrigine) (Mixed indications; 5: Indications NOS; 6: Lamotrigine) (Controls unexposed, sick; 7: Lamotrigine) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed sick; 8: Lamotrigine) (Controls unexposed, sick; 9: Lamotrigine; 10: Lamotrigine) (Controls unexposed, sick; 11: Lamotrigine) (Controls unexposed, sick; 12: Lamotrigine; 13: Lamotrigine) (Controls unexposed, sick) (Mixed indications; 14: Lamotrigine) (Mixed indications; 15: Lamotrigine; 16: Lamotrigine) (Controls unexposed, sick;

Sensitivity analysis

SubsetTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2 Type of studies cohort studiescohort studies 1.01[0.92; 1.11]148,74816,5370%NAHao (Lamotrigine) (Epilepsy), 2025 Vajda (Epilepsy), 2025 Wiggs (Epilepsy) (Lamotrigine), 2024 Cohen (Lamotrigine) (Mixed indications), 2023 The NAAED (Indications NOS), 2023 Hosny, 2021 Thomas (Lamotrigine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021 Alsaadi (Lamotrigine) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed sick), 2020 Meador (Lamotrigine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2020 Diav-Citrin (Lamotrigine), 2017 Petersen (Lamotrigine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2017 Vanya (Lamotrigine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2015 Campbell (Lamotrigine), 2014 Veiby (Lamotrigine) (Controls unexposed, sick) (Mixed indications), 2014 Cassina (Lamotrigine) (Mixed indications), 2013 Charlton (Lamotrigine), 2011 Mawer (Lamotrigine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2010 17 case control studiescase control studies 0 Type of controls unexposed (disease free or unspecified)unexposed (disease free or unspecified) 1.32[0.78; 2.22]148,36210,96061%NACohen (Lamotrigine) (Mixed indications), 2023 The NAAED (Indications NOS), 2023 Diav-Citrin (Lamotrigine), 2017 Cassina (Lamotrigine) (Mixed indications), 2013 4 unexposed, sickunexposed, sick 1.03[0.84; 1.27]3865,5770%NAHao (Lamotrigine) (Epilepsy), 2025 Vajda (Epilepsy), 2025 Wiggs (Epilepsy) (Lamotrigine), 2024 Hosny, 2021 Thomas (Lamotrigine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021 Alsaadi (Lamotrigine) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed sick), 2020 Meador (Lamotrigine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2020 Petersen (Lamotrigine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2017 Vanya (Lamotrigine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2015 Campbell (Lamotrigine), 2014 Veiby (Lamotrigine) (Controls unexposed, sick) (Mixed indications), 2014 Charlton (Lamotrigine), 2011 Mawer (Lamotrigine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2010 13 Tags Adjustment   - No  - No 1.30[1.01; 1.67]3946,3920%NAHao (Lamotrigine) (Epilepsy), 2025 Vajda (Epilepsy), 2025 The NAAED (Indications NOS), 2023 Hosny, 2021 Alsaadi (Lamotrigine) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed sick), 2020 Meador (Lamotrigine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2020 Diav-Citrin (Lamotrigine), 2017 Vanya (Lamotrigine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2015 Campbell (Lamotrigine), 2014 Veiby (Lamotrigine) (Controls unexposed, sick) (Mixed indications), 2014 Cassina (Lamotrigine) (Mixed indications), 2013 Charlton (Lamotrigine), 2011 Mawer (Lamotrigine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2010 13   - Yes  - Yes 0.96[0.87; 1.07]148,35410,1450%NAWiggs (Epilepsy) (Lamotrigine), 2024 Cohen (Lamotrigine) (Mixed indications), 2023 Thomas (Lamotrigine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021 Petersen (Lamotrigine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2017 4 Controls   - epilepsy indication  - epilepsy indication 1.20[0.79; 1.84]134833 -NAVeiby (Lamotrigine) (Controls unexposed, sick) (Mixed indications), 2014 1 Partial overlappingPartial overlapping 0.98[0.89; 1.09]148,3769,1720%NACohen (Lamotrigine) (Mixed indications), 2023 Veiby (Lamotrigine) (Controls unexposed, sick) (Mixed indications), 2014 2 All studiesAll studies 1.01[0.92; 1.11]148,74816,5370%NAHao (Lamotrigine) (Epilepsy), 2025 Vajda (Epilepsy), 2025 Wiggs (Epilepsy) (Lamotrigine), 2024 Cohen (Lamotrigine) (Mixed indications), 2023 The NAAED (Indications NOS), 2023 Hosny, 2021 Thomas (Lamotrigine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021 Alsaadi (Lamotrigine) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed sick), 2020 Meador (Lamotrigine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2020 Diav-Citrin (Lamotrigine), 2017 Petersen (Lamotrigine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2017 Vanya (Lamotrigine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2015 Campbell (Lamotrigine), 2014 Veiby (Lamotrigine) (Controls unexposed, sick) (Mixed indications), 2014 Cassina (Lamotrigine) (Mixed indications), 2013 Charlton (Lamotrigine), 2011 Mawer (Lamotrigine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2010 170.110.01.0

Publication bias and p-hacking diagnosis

funnel plot
0.0-4.84.82.4690.000Hao (Lamotrigine) (Epilepsy), 2025Vajda (Epilepsy), 2025Wiggs (Epilepsy) (Lamotrigine), 2024Cohen (Lamotrigine) (Mixed indications), 2023The NAAED (Indications NOS), 2023Hosny, 2021Thomas (Lamotrigine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021Alsaadi (Lamotrigine) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed sick), 2020Meador (Lamotrigine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2020Diav-Citrin (Lamotrigine), 2017Petersen (Lamotrigine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2017Vanya (Lamotrigine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2015Campbell (Lamotrigine), 2014Veiby (Lamotrigine) (Controls unexposed, sick) (Mixed indications), 2014Cassina (Lamotrigine) (Mixed indications), 2013Charlton (Lamotrigine), 2011Mawer (Lamotrigine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2010

Asymetry test p-value = 0.2067 (by Egger's regression)

slope=-0.0324 (0.0489); intercept=0.3251 (0.2463); t=1.3198; p=0.2067

p values plot
0.01.00.01.0

Sub-groups analysis using all included studies

excluded 8909, 8964, 10208, 8911, 8923

Sub-groupsTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2ROB type of controls unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified)unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified) 1.20[0.94; 1.53]176,11312,33531%NACohen (Lamotrigine) (Mixed indications), 2023 The NAAED (Indications NOS), 2023 Thomas (Lamotrigine) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2021 Meador (Lamotrigine) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2020 Diav-Citrin (Lamotrigine), 2017 Petersen (Lamotrigine) (Controls unexposed NOS), 2017 Veiby (Lamotrigine) (Controls unexposed, disease free) (Mixed indications), 2014 Cassina (Lamotrigine) (Mixed indications), 2013 Mawer (Lamotrigine) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2010 9 unexposed, sick controlsunexposed, sick controls 1.03[0.84; 1.27]3865,5770%NAHao (Lamotrigine) (Epilepsy), 2025 Vajda (Epilepsy), 2025 Wiggs (Epilepsy) (Lamotrigine), 2024 Hosny, 2021 Thomas (Lamotrigine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021 Alsaadi (Lamotrigine) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed sick), 2020 Meador (Lamotrigine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2020 Petersen (Lamotrigine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2017 Vanya (Lamotrigine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2015 Campbell (Lamotrigine), 2014 Veiby (Lamotrigine) (Controls unexposed, sick) (Mixed indications), 2014 Charlton (Lamotrigine), 2011 Mawer (Lamotrigine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2010 130.510.01.0

Umbrella review (other published meta-analyses)

Published MAControlPeriodTE95% CIn exposedkI2 Weston (All Major Malformations)Weston (All Major Malformations) 1.68[0.78; 3.65]0-U,DFunexposed, disease freeAnyduring pregnancy (anytime or not specified)studies TTT3 Weston (All Major Malformations)Weston (All Major Malformations) 1.07[0.64; 1.77]0-U,Sunexposed, sickAnyduring pregnancy (anytime or not specified)studies TTT3 Bromley (Lamotrigine) (All indications) (All ...Bromley (Lamotrigine) (All indications) (All Major Malformations (Cohort studies)) 1.04[0.66; 1.63]0%-U,Sunexposed, sickAnyduring pregnancy (anytime or not specified)studies TTT8 Bromley (Lamotrigine) (All indications) (All ...Bromley (Lamotrigine) (All indications) (All Major Malformations (Cohort studies)) 1.99[1.16; 3.39]0%-U,GPunexposed (general population or NOS)Anyduring pregnancy (anytime or not specified)studies TTT7 Bromley (Lamotrigine) (All indications) (All ...Bromley (Lamotrigine) (All indications) (All Major Malformations (database studies)) 1.19[0.86; 1.64]18%-U,GPunexposed (general population or NOS)Anyduring pregnancy (anytime or not specified)studies TTT2 Bromley (Lamotrigine) (All indications) (All ...Bromley (Lamotrigine) (All indications) (All Major Malformations (database studies)) 1.00[0.79; 1.28]0%-U,Sunexposed, sickAnyduring pregnancy (anytime or not specified)studies TTT3 Wan (Epilepsy) (Major congenital malformations)Wan (Epilepsy) (Major congenital malformations) 1.23[0.92; 1.65]0%-U,DFunexposed, disease freeAnyduring pregnancy (anytime or not specified)studies TTT5 Wan (Epilepsy) (Major congenital malformations)Wan (Epilepsy) (Major congenital malformations) 1.26[0.90; 1.78]0%-U,Sunexposed, sickAnyduring pregnancy (anytime or not specified)studies TTT6 Wan (Epilepsy) (Major congenital malformation ...Wan (Epilepsy) (Major congenital malformations (vs LEV)) 1.01[0.73; 1.41]0%-Eexposed to other treatment, sickAnyduring pregnancy (anytime or not specified)studies TTT9 Pariente (Major malformations)Pariente (Major malformations) 1.15[0.62; 2.16]0%-U,Sunexposed, sickAnyduring pregnancy (anytime or not specified)studies TTT3 Pariente (Major malformations)Pariente (Major malformations) 1.25[0.89; 1.74]0%-U,DFunexposed, disease freeAnyduring pregnancy (anytime or not specified)studies TTT3 Veroniki a (NMA) (Overall major congenital ma ...Veroniki a (NMA) (Overall major congenital malformations) 0.96[0.72; 1.25]-Wwhatever (meta-analysis)Anyduring pregnancy (anytime or not specified)studies TTT17 metaPregmetaPreg 1.01[0.92; 1.11]0%16,537----Hao (Lamotrigine) (Epilepsy), 2025 Vajda (Epilepsy), 2025 Wiggs (Epilepsy) (Lamotrigine), 2024 Cohen (Lamotrigine) (Mixed indications), 2023 The NAAED (Indications NOS), 2023 Hosny, 2021 Thomas (Lamotrigine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021 Alsaadi (Lamotrigine) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed sick), 2020 Meador (Lamotrigine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2020 Diav-Citrin (Lamotrigine), 2017 Petersen (Lamotrigine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2017 Vanya (Lamotrigine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2015 Campbell (Lamotrigine), 2014 Veiby (Lamotrigine) (Controls unexposed, sick) (Mixed indications), 2014 Cassina (Lamotrigine) (Mixed indications), 2013 Charlton (Lamotrigine), 2011 Mawer (Lamotrigine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2010 170.510.01.0