Levetiracetam (All indications) updated on 04-22-2025

Major congenital malformations

R analysis
id Study   Lib. in paper Exposition period    Study type 
 Control type 
 
Tags OR 95%CI x1/n1 x0/n0 no cases no exposed ROB Ref.
S18028
R75969		 Hao (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls exposed to LTG), 2025 Major congenital malformation (MCM) 1st trimester prospective cohort exposed to other treatment, sick excluded Adjustment: No 0.83 [0.22;3.21] C
excluded (control group) 		8/268   3/84 11 268
ref
S18019
R75968		 Hao (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2025 Major congenital malformation (MCM) 1st trimester prospective cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: No 0.63 [0.30;1.31] 8/268   10/261 18 268
ref
S16102
R66793		 Battino (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy), 2024 Major congenital malformations (MCMs) early pregnancy prospective cohort exposed to other treatment, sick Adjustment: Yes 0.79 [0.53;1.19] 33/1,325   110/3,584 143 1,325
ref
S16804
R70508		 Ertürk Çetin (Epilepsy) (Levetiracetam), 2024 Major congenital malformations throughout pregnancy prospective cohort exposed to other treatment, sick Adjustment: No 0.43 [0.01;23.69] C 0/18   0/8 0 18
ref
S16096
R66788		 Hoeltzenbein (Levetiracetam), 2024 Major birth defects at least 1st trimester prospective cohort exposed to other treatment, sick Adjustment: Yes 1.41 [0.58;3.44] 12/207   17/442 29 207
ref
S18049
R76019		 Vajda b (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2024 Fetal malformations early pregnancy prospective cohort exposed to other treatment, sick excluded Adjustment: No 0.88 [0.37;2.12] C
excluded (control group) 		7/187   20/473 27 187
ref
S18050
R76021		 Vajda b (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2024 Fetal malformations at least 1st trimester prospective cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: No 1.07 [0.38;3.00] 7/187   7/201 14 187
ref
S17500
R73529		 Wiggs (Epilepsy) (Levetiracetam), 2024 Major birth defects early pregnancy population based cohort retrospective unexposed, sick Adjustment: Yes 0.68 [0.17;2.76] -/185   -/9,364 - 185
ref
S15220
R62423		 Bromley (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls exposed to LTG), 2023 Major congenital anomaly during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) prospective cohort exposed to other treatment, sick excluded Adjustment: No 1.01 [0.16;6.20] C
excluded (control group) 		2/70   3/106 5 70
ref
S15219
R62410		 Bromley (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2023 Major congenital anomaly during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) excluded prospective cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: No 0.75 [0.12;4.65] C
excluded (exposition period) 		2/70   3/80 5 70
ref
S15204
R62364		 Cohen (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls exposed to LTG), 2023 Major congenital malformations (excluding genetic/chromosomal) 1st trimester population based cohort retrospective exposed to other treatment, sick excluded Adjustment: Yes Partial overlapping 0.78 [0.53;1.13]
excluded (control group) 		30/1,040   314/8,339 344 1,040
ref
S15205
R62365		 Cohen (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2023 Major congenital malformations (excluding genetic/chromosomal) 1st trimester population based cohort retrospective unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: No Partial overlapping 0.95 [0.66;1.36] C 30/1,040   147,928/4,866,362 147,958 1,040
ref
S15260
R62745		 Li (Levetiracetam) (Controls exposed to LTG), 2023 Major congenital malformation during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) prospective cohort exposed to other treatment, sick excluded Adjustment: No 0.35 [0.01;18.06] C
excluded (control group) 		0/107   0/38 0 107
ref
S15259
R62743		 Li (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2023 Major congenital malformation during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) excluded prospective cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: No 0.15 [0.01;2.72] C
excluded (exposition period) 		0/107   7/253 7 107
ref
S16185
R67077		 The NAAED (Levetiracetam) (Controls exposed to LTG) (Indications NOS), 2023 Major congenital malformations 1st trimester prospective cohort exposed to other treatment, sick excluded Adjustment: No 0.96 [0.60;1.54] C
excluded (control group) 		26/1,283   52/2,461 78 1,283
ref
S16175
R67067		 The NAAED (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, disease free) (Indications NOS), 2023 Major congenital malformations 1st trimester prospective cohort unexposed, disease free Adjustment: No 1.79 [0.94;3.39] C 26/1,283   15/1,311 41 1,283
ref
S12676
R47906		 Mari (Levetiracetam), 2022 Major foetal malformation throughout pregnancy retrospective cohort exposed to other treatment, sick Adjustment: No 0.64 [0.01;34.59] C 0/17   0/11 0 17
ref
S12687
R47923		 Alsfouk (Levetiracetam) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2021 Major congenital malformation during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) retrospective cohort exposed to other treatment, sick excluded Adjustment: No 0.11 [0.00;2.39] C
excluded (control group) 		0/24   2/15 2 24
ref
S12685
R47921		 Alsfouk (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021 Major congenital malformation during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) excluded retrospective cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: No 0.40 [0.02;10.39] C
excluded (exposition period) 		0/24   1/30 1 24
ref
S12886
R48695		 Hosny (Levetiracetam) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2021 Major birth defects 1st trimester prospective cohort exposed to other treatment, sick excluded Adjustment: No 0.04 [0.00;2.38] C
excluded (control group) 		2/67   0/1 2 67
ref
S12887
R48698		 Hosny (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021 Major birth defects 1st trimester prospective cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: No 0.62 [0.05;7.15] C 2/67   1/21 3 67
ref
S12825
R48275		 Thomas (Levetiracetam) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2021 Major congenital malformations 1st trimester prospective cohort exposed to other treatment, sick excluded Adjustment: No 2.43 [0.28;21.33] C
excluded (control group) 		5/106   1/50 6 106
ref
S12826
R48283		 Thomas (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2021 Major congenital malformations 1st trimester prospective cohort unexposed, disease free excluded Adjustment: No 0.97 [0.13;7.23]
excluded (control group) 		1/30   11/319 12 30
ref
S12827
R48287		 Thomas (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021 Major congenital malformations 1st trimester prospective cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: Yes 1.16 [0.40;3.10] 5/106   16/340 21 106
ref
S16156
R67046		 Alsaadi (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls exposed to LTG), 2020 Major congenital malformations 1st trimester retrospective cohort exposed to other treatment, sick excluded Adjustment: No 0.95 [0.04;24.83] C
excluded (control group) 		1/38   0/12 1 38
ref
S16153
R67034		 Alsaadi (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed sick), 2020 Major congenital malformations 1st trimester retrospective cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: No 0.95 [0.06;15.71] C 1/38   1/36 2 38
ref
S8980
R30462		 AlSheikh (Levetiracetam) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2020 Fetal/neonatal malformation during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) prospective cohort exposed to other treatment, sick excluded Adjustment: No 2.29 [0.04;125.50] C
excluded (control group) 		0/9   0/20 0 9
ref
S8981
R30465		 AlSheikh (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2020 Fetal/neonatal malformation during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) excluded prospective cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: No 0.25 [0.01;7.34] C
excluded (exposition period) 		0/9   1/8 1 9
ref
S8995
R30552		 Meador (Levetiracetam) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2020 Major congenital malformations 1st trimester prospective cohort exposed to other treatment, sick excluded Adjustment: No 1.14 [0.32;4.07] C
excluded (control group) 		5/97   5/110 10 97
ref
S8996
R30556		 Meador (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2020 Major congenital malformations 1st trimester prospective cohort unexposed, disease free excluded Adjustment: No 2.83 [0.54;14.92] C
excluded (control group) 		5/97   2/106 7 97
ref
S8997
R30560		 Meador (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2020 Major congenital malformations 1st trimester prospective cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: No 0.76 [0.08;7.00] C 5/97   1/15 6 97
ref
S9001
R30573		 Koc (Levetiracetam), 2018 Major congenital malformations during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) excluded retrospective cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: No 1.11 [0.02;57.82] C
excluded (exposition period) 		0/28   0/31 0 28
ref
S9029
R30784		 Bank (Levetiracetam) (Mixed indications), 2017 Major Malformation during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) excluded prospective cohort exposed to other treatment, sick Adjustment: No 5.46 [0.10;300.64] C
excluded (exposition period) 		0/7   0/36 0 7
ref
S8982
R30468		 Arkilo (Levetiracetam), 2015 Major malformations during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) excluded retrospective cohort exposed to other treatment, sick Adjustment: No 2.24 [0.04;120.61] C
excluded (exposition period) 		0/11   0/24 0 11
ref
S8988
R30531		 Babic (Levetiracetam), 2014 Major congential malformations during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) excluded prospective cohort exposed to other treatment, sick Adjustment: No 2.14 [0.03;131.94] C
excluded (exposition period) 		0/4   0/8 0 4
ref
S8998
R30562		 Veiby (Levetiracetam) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2014 Major malformations throughout pregnancy population based cohort retrospective exposed to other treatment, sick excluded Adjustment: No Partial overlapping 0.44 [0.10;1.90] C
excluded (control group) 		2/114   23/593 25 114
ref
S8999
R30566		 Veiby (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2014 Major malformations throughout pregnancy population based cohort retrospective unexposed, disease free excluded Adjustment: Yes Partial overlapping 0.66 [0.16;2.67]
excluded (control group) 		2/114   22,371/771,412 22,373 114
ref
S9000
R30568		 Veiby (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 Major malformations throughout pregnancy population based cohort retrospective unexposed, sick Adjustment: No Partial overlapping 0.62 [0.15;2.53] C 2/114   106/3,773 108 114
ref
S9002
R30575		 Morrow (Levetiracetam) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2006 Major congenital malformation 1st trimester prospective cohort exposed to other treatment, sick excluded Adjustment: No 0.68 [0.04;11.54] C
excluded (control group) 		0/22   21/647 21 22
ref
S9003
R30583		 Morrow (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2006 Major congenital malformation 1st trimester prospective cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: No 0.60 [0.03;10.72] C 0/22   8/227 8 22
ref
Total 15 studies 0.94 [0.76;1.16] 148,351 4,974
x1: number of endpoints among exposed, n1: number of exposed; x0: number of endpoints among non exposed, n0: number of non exposed; C: calculated odds ratio from numbers of events and effectives

Forest plot

StudyTE95% CIn casesn exposedweightROBABCDEF Hao (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2025Hao, 2025 1 0.63[0.30; 1.31]182688%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: moderateROB classification: moderateROB missing: lowROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Battino (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy), 2024Battino, 2024 2 0.79[0.53; 1.19]1431,32527%ROB confusion: seriousROB selection: moderateROB classification: moderateROB missing: moderateROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Ertürk Çetin (Epilepsy) (Levetiracetam), 2024Ertürk Çetin, 2024 3 0.43[0.01; 23.69]0180%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: unclearROB classification: moderateROB missing: unclearROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Hoeltzenbein (Levetiracetam), 2024Hoeltzenbein, 2024 4 1.41[0.58; 3.44]292076%ROB confusion: moderateROB selection: moderateROB classification: moderateROB missing: moderateROB mesure: criticalROB reporting: critical Vajda b (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2024Vajda b, 2024 5 1.07[0.38; 3.00]141874%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: moderateROB classification: moderateROB missing: moderateROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Wiggs (Epilepsy) (Levetiracetam), 2024Wiggs, 2024 6 0.68[0.17; 2.76]-1852%ROB confusion: seriousROB selection: moderateROB classification: moderateROB missing: lowROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Cohen (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2023Cohen, 2023 7 0.95[0.66; 1.36]147,9581,04033%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: lowROB classification: moderateROB missing: unclearROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate The NAAED (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, disease free) (Indications NOS), 2023The NAAED, 2023 8 1.79[0.94; 3.39]411,28311%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: unclearROB classification: moderateROB missing: unclearROB mesure: criticalROB reporting: low Mari (Levetiracetam), 2022Mari, 2022 9 0.64[0.01; 34.59]0170%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: lowROB classification: moderateROB missing: lowROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: unclear Hosny (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021Hosny, 2021 10 0.62[0.05; 7.15]3671%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: moderateROB classification: unclearROB missing: lowROB mesure: unclearROB reporting: moderate Thomas (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021Thomas, 2021 11 1.16[0.40; 3.10]211064%ROB confusion: seriousROB selection: moderateROB classification: moderateROB missing: unclearROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Alsaadi (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed sick), 2020Alsaadi, 2020 12 0.95[0.06; 15.71]2381%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: unclearROB classification: criticalROB missing: lowROB mesure: criticalROB reporting: moderate Meador (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2020Meador, 2020 13 0.76[0.08; 7.00]6971%ROB confusion: unclearROB selection: lowROB classification: lowROB missing: lowROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: low Veiby (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014Veiby, 2014 14 0.62[0.15; 2.53]1081142%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: moderateROB classification: moderateROB missing: moderateROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Morrow (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2006Morrow, 2006 15 0.60[0.03; 10.72]8221%ROB confusion: NAROB selection: NAROB classification: NAROB missing: NAROB mesure: NAROB reporting: NA Total (15 studies) I2 = 0% 0.94[0.76; 1.16]148,3514,9740.25.01.0ROB: A: confusion, B: selection, C: classification, D: missing, E: measurement, F: reportinglow,moderate,serious,critical,unclear,

1: Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick; 2: Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy; 3: Epilepsy) (Levetiracetam; 4: Levetiracetam; 5: Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick; 6: Epilepsy) (Levetiracetam; 7: Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, NOS; 8: Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, disease free) (Indications NOS; 9: Levetiracetam; 10: Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick; 11: Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick; 12: Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed sick; 13: Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick; 14: Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick; 15: Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick;

Sensitivity analysis

SubsetTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2 Type of studies cohort studiescohort studies 0.94[0.76; 1.16]148,3514,9740%NAHao (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2025 Battino (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy), 2024 Ertürk Çetin (Epilepsy) (Levetiracetam), 2024 Hoeltzenbein (Levetiracetam), 2024 Vajda b (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2024 Wiggs (Epilepsy) (Levetiracetam), 2024 Cohen (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2023 The NAAED (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, disease free) (Indications NOS), 2023 Mari (Levetiracetam), 2022 Hosny (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021 Thomas (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021 Alsaadi (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed sick), 2020 Meador (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2020 Veiby (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 Morrow (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2006 15 case control studiescase control studies 0 Type of controls unexposed (disease free or unspecified)unexposed (disease free or unspecified) 1.23[0.67; 2.27]147,9992,32365%NACohen (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2023 The NAAED (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, disease free) (Indications NOS), 2023 2 unexposed, sickunexposed, sick 0.79[0.51; 1.21]1801,0840%NAHao (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2025 Vajda b (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2024 Wiggs (Epilepsy) (Levetiracetam), 2024 Hosny (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021 Thomas (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021 Alsaadi (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed sick), 2020 Meador (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2020 Veiby (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 Morrow (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2006 9 exposed to other treatment, sickexposed to other treatment, sick 0.86[0.60; 1.25]1721,5670%NABattino (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy), 2024 Ertürk Çetin (Epilepsy) (Levetiracetam), 2024 Hoeltzenbein (Levetiracetam), 2024 Mari (Levetiracetam), 2022 4 Tags Adjustment   - No  - No 0.98[0.75; 1.28]148,1583,1510%NAHao (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2025 Ertürk Çetin (Epilepsy) (Levetiracetam), 2024 Vajda b (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2024 Cohen (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2023 The NAAED (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, disease free) (Indications NOS), 2023 Mari (Levetiracetam), 2022 Hosny (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021 Alsaadi (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed sick), 2020 Meador (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2020 Veiby (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 Morrow (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2006 11   - Yes  - Yes 0.89[0.63; 1.24]1931,8230%NABattino (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy), 2024 Hoeltzenbein (Levetiracetam), 2024 Wiggs (Epilepsy) (Levetiracetam), 2024 Thomas (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021 4 Partial overlappingPartial overlapping 0.92[0.65; 1.31]148,0661,1540%NACohen (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2023 Veiby (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 2 All studiesAll studies 0.94[0.76; 1.16]148,3514,9740%NAHao (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2025 Battino (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy), 2024 Ertürk Çetin (Epilepsy) (Levetiracetam), 2024 Hoeltzenbein (Levetiracetam), 2024 Vajda b (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2024 Wiggs (Epilepsy) (Levetiracetam), 2024 Cohen (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2023 The NAAED (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, disease free) (Indications NOS), 2023 Mari (Levetiracetam), 2022 Hosny (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021 Thomas (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021 Alsaadi (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed sick), 2020 Meador (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2020 Veiby (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 Morrow (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2006 150.25.01.0

Publication bias and p-hacking diagnosis

funnel plot
0.0-4.84.82.4560.000Hao (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2025Battino (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy), 2024Ertürk Çetin (Epilepsy) (Levetiracetam), 2024Hoeltzenbein (Levetiracetam), 2024Vajda b (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2024Wiggs (Epilepsy) (Levetiracetam), 2024Cohen (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2023The NAAED (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, disease free) (Indications NOS), 2023Mari (Levetiracetam), 2022Hosny (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021Thomas (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021Alsaadi (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed sick), 2020Meador (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2020Veiby (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014Morrow (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2006

Asymetry test p-value = 0.6435 (by Egger's regression)

slope=-0.0097 (0.1337); intercept=-0.1534 (0.3238); t=0.4738; p=0.6435

p values plot
0.01.00.01.0

Sub-groups analysis using all included studies

excluded 9002, 8998, 8999, 16156, 8980, 8995, 8996, 12687, 12886, 12825, 12826, 15220, 15204, 15260, 16185, 18049, 18028

Sub-groupsTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2ROB type of controls unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified)unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified) 1.16[0.80; 1.69]170,3912,56413%NACohen (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2023 The NAAED (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, disease free) (Indications NOS), 2023 Thomas (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2021 Meador (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2020 Veiby (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2014 5 unexposed, sick controlsunexposed, sick controls 0.79[0.51; 1.21]1801,0840%NAHao (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2025 Vajda b (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2024 Wiggs (Epilepsy) (Levetiracetam), 2024 Hosny (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021 Thomas (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021 Alsaadi (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed sick), 2020 Meador (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2020 Veiby (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 Morrow (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2006 9 exposed to other treatment, sick controlsexposed to other treatment, sick controls 0.85[0.69; 1.05]6974,7890%NAHao (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls exposed to LTG), 2025 Battino (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy), 2024 Ertürk Çetin (Epilepsy) (Levetiracetam), 2024 Hoeltzenbein (Levetiracetam), 2024 Vajda b (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2024 Cohen (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls exposed to LTG), 2023 The NAAED (Levetiracetam) (Controls exposed to LTG) (Indications NOS), 2023 Mari (Levetiracetam), 2022 Hosny (Levetiracetam) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2021 Thomas (Levetiracetam) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2021 Alsaadi (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls exposed to LTG), 2020 Meador (Levetiracetam) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2020 Veiby (Levetiracetam) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2014 Morrow (Levetiracetam) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2006 140.510.01.0

Umbrella review (other published meta-analyses)

Published MAControlPeriodTE95% CIn exposedkI2 Bromley (Levetiracetam) (All indications) (Al ...Bromley (Levetiracetam) (All indications) (All Major Malformations (Cohort studies)) 2.20[0.98; 4.93]0%-U,GPunexposed (general population or NOS)Anyduring pregnancy (anytime or not specified)studies TTT4 Bromley (Levetiracetam) (All indications) (Al ...Bromley (Levetiracetam) (All indications) (All Major Malformations (Cohort studies)) 0.71[0.39; 1.28]0%-U,Sunexposed, sickAnyduring pregnancy (anytime or not specified)studies TTT6 Bromley (Levetiracetam) (All indications) (Al ...Bromley (Levetiracetam) (All indications) (All Major Malformations (Cohort studies)) 0.90[0.58; 1.39]16%-Eexposed to other treatment, sickAnyduring pregnancy (anytime or not specified)studies TTT10 Bromley (Levetiracetam) (All indications) (Al ...Bromley (Levetiracetam) (All indications) (All Major Malformations (database studies)) 0.67[0.17; 2.66]NA-U,GPunexposed (general population or NOS)Anyduring pregnancy (anytime or not specified)studies TTT1 Bromley (Levetiracetam) (All indications) (Al ...Bromley (Levetiracetam) (All indications) (All Major Malformations (database studies)) 0.82[0.39; 1.71]0%-U,Sunexposed, sickAnyduring pregnancy (anytime or not specified)studies TTT2 Bromley (Levetiracetam) (All indications) (Al ...Bromley (Levetiracetam) (All indications) (All Major Malformations (Database studies)) 0.79[0.37; 1.69]0%-Eexposed to other treatment, sickAnyduring pregnancy (anytime or not specified)studies TTT2 Veroniki a (NMA) (All indications) (Overall m ...Veroniki a (NMA) (All indications) (Overall major congenital malformations) 0.72[0.43; 1.16]NA-Wwhatever (meta-analysis)Anyduring pregnancy (anytime or not specified)studies TTT-9 metaPregmetaPreg 0.94[0.76; 1.16]0%4,974----Hao (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2025 Battino (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy), 2024 Ertürk Çetin (Epilepsy) (Levetiracetam), 2024 Hoeltzenbein (Levetiracetam), 2024 Vajda b (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2024 Wiggs (Epilepsy) (Levetiracetam), 2024 Cohen (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2023 The NAAED (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, disease free) (Indications NOS), 2023 Mari (Levetiracetam), 2022 Hosny (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021 Thomas (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021 Alsaadi (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed sick), 2020 Meador (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2020 Veiby (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 Morrow (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2006 150.510.01.0