Levetiracetam (All indications) updated on 04-22-2025

Minor congenital malformations

id	Study   Auto Ertürk Çetin (Epilepsy) (Levetiracetam), 2024Bromley (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls exposed to LTG), 2023Bromley (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2023Mari (Levetiracetam), 2022Alsaadi (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls exposed to LTG), 2020Alsaadi (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed sick), 2020	Lib. in paper	Exposition period  Auto during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)1st trimester2nd trimester3rd trimester2nd and/or 3rd trimesterthroughout pregnancyearly pregnancydays before deliverylate pregnancypreconception-onlypericonceptionalpreconceptional for kinetic reasonat least 1st trimester3 months (or more) before pregnancy or during pregnancy1st and 2nd trimester3 months or more before pregnancy or1st trimester	Study type  All studies Case control excluded Only case control	Control type    Auto unexposed (general population or NOS)unexposed, sickunexposed, disease freeexposed to other treatment, sicknot specifiedsiblingwhatever (meta-analysis)	Tags	OR 95%CI	x1/n1 x0/n0	no cases	no exposed	ROB	Ref.
S16804 R70505	Ertürk Çetin (Epilepsy) (Levetiracetam), 2024	At least one minor anomaly	throughout pregnancy	prospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick	Adjustment: No	3.33 [0.59;18.89] C	12/18   3/8	15	18		ref
S15220 R62424	Bromley (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls exposed to LTG), 2023	Minor congenital anomaly	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	prospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick excluded	Adjustment: No	0.36 [0.07;1.75] C excluded (control group)	2/70   8/106	10	70		ref
S15219 R62411	Bromley (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2023	Minor congenital anomaly	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) excluded	prospective cohort	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	2.32 [0.21;26.19] C excluded (exposition period)	2/70   1/80	3	70		ref
S12676 R47908	Mari (Levetiracetam), 2022	Minor congenital malformations	throughout pregnancy	retrospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick	Adjustment: No	2.03 [0.08;54.83] C	1/17   0/11	1	17		ref
S16156 R67047	Alsaadi (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls exposed to LTG), 2020	Minor congenital malformations	1st trimester	retrospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick excluded	Adjustment: No	0.09 [0.00;2.46] C excluded (control group)	0/38   1/12	1	38		ref
S16153 R67035	Alsaadi (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed sick), 2020	Minor congenital malformations	1st trimester	retrospective cohort	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	0.95 [0.02;49.01] C	0/38   0/36	0	38		ref
					Total	3 studies	2.57 [0.62;10.76]		16	73
x1: number of endpoints among exposed, n1: number of exposed; x0: number of endpoints among non exposed, n0: number of non exposed; C: calculated odds ratio from numbers of events and effectives

Forest plot

Sensitivity analysis

Publication bias and p-hacking diagnosis

Sub-groups analysis using all included studies

excluded 16156, 15220

Umbrella review (other published meta-analyses)