Phenobarbital (All indications) updated on 04-22-2025

Intrauterine deaths (as a whole or unspecified)

R analysis
id Study   Lib. in paper Exposition period    Study type 
 Control type 
 
Tags OR 95%CI x1/n1 x0/n0 no cases no exposed ROB Ref.
S9156
R31473		 Trivedi (Phenobarbital) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2018 Spontaneous fetal loss (both spontaneous abortion before 20 weeks of gestation and stillbirths occurring after 20 weeks of gestation) 1st trimester prospective cohort exposed to other treatment, sick Adjustment: No 0.41 [0.11;1.61] C 5/138   4/48 9 138
ref
S9114
R31312		 Miškov (Phenobarbital) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2016 Fetal loss during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) prospective cohort exposed to other treatment, sick excluded Adjustment: No 4.13 [0.30;56.39] C
excluded (control group) 		1/3   4/37 5 3
ref
S9115
R31316		 Miškov (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2016 Fetal loss during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) prospective cohort unexposed, disease free excluded Adjustment: No 255.00 [7.09;9172.13] C
excluded (control group) 		1/3   0/128 1 3
ref
S9116
R31320		 Miškov (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2016 Fetal loss during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) prospective cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: No 7.00 [0.17;291.36] C 1/3   0/4 1 3
ref
S9155
R31471		 Tomson (Phenobarbital), 2015 Intrauterine death at least 1st trimester prospective cohort exposed to other treatment, sick Adjustment: No 1.08 [0.68;1.73] C 22/260   150/1,910 172 260
ref
Total 3 studies 0.92 [0.41;2.07] 182 401
x1: number of endpoints among exposed, n1: number of exposed; x0: number of endpoints among non exposed, n0: number of non exposed; C: calculated odds ratio from numbers of events and effectives

Forest plot

StudyTE95% CIn casesn exposedweightROBABCDEF Trivedi (Phenobarbital) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2018Trivedi, 2018 1 0.41[0.11; 1.61]913826%ROB confusion: NAROB selection: NAROB classification: NAROB missing: NAROB mesure: NAROB reporting: NA Miškov (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2016Miškov, 2016 2 7.00[0.17; 291.36]134%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: lowROB classification: moderateROB missing: criticalROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Tomson (Phenobarbital), 2015Tomson, 2015 3 1.08[0.68; 1.73]17226070%ROB confusion: NAROB selection: NAROB classification: NAROB missing: NAROB mesure: NAROB reporting: NA Total (3 studies) I2 = 28% 0.92[0.41; 2.07]1824010.220.01.0ROB: A: confusion, B: selection, C: classification, D: missing, E: measurement, F: reportinglow,moderate,serious,critical,unclear,

1: Phenobarbital) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick; 2: Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick; 3: Phenobarbital;

Sensitivity analysis

SubsetTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2 Type of studies cohort studiescohort studies 0.92[0.41; 2.07]18240128%NATrivedi (Phenobarbital) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2018 Miškov (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2016 Tomson (Phenobarbital), 2015 3 case control studiescase control studies 0 Type of controls unexposed, sickunexposed, sick 7.00[0.17; 291.36]13 -NAMiškov (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2016 1 exposed to other treatment, sickexposed to other treatment, sick 0.83[0.36; 1.93]18139842%NATrivedi (Phenobarbital) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2018 Tomson (Phenobarbital), 2015 2 Tags Adjustment   - No  - No 0.92[0.41; 2.07]18240128%NATrivedi (Phenobarbital) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2018 Miškov (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2016 Tomson (Phenobarbital), 2015 3 All studiesAll studies 0.92[0.41; 2.07]18240128%NATrivedi (Phenobarbital) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2018 Miškov (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2016 Tomson (Phenobarbital), 2015 30.220.01.0

Publication bias and p-hacking diagnosis

funnel plot

Funnel plot not drawn. Less than 3 points.

Asymetry test p-value = NaN (by Egger's regression)

not enought points

p values plot

Funnel plot not drawn. Less than 3 points.

Sub-groups analysis using all included studies

excluded 9114, 9115

Sub-groupsTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2ROB type of controls unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified)unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified) Out of scale255.00[7.09; 9172.13]13 -NAMiškov (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2016 1 unexposed, sick controlsunexposed, sick controls 7.00[0.17; 291.36]13 -NAMiškov (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2016 1 exposed to other treatment, sick controlsexposed to other treatment, sick controls 0.96[0.44; 2.10]18640130%NATrivedi (Phenobarbital) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2018 Miškov (Phenobarbital) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2016 Tomson (Phenobarbital), 2015 30.510.01.0

Umbrella review (other published meta-analyses)

Published MAControlPeriodTE95% CIn exposedkI2 Veroniki a (NMA) (All indications) (Combined ...Veroniki a (NMA) (All indications) (Combined fetal losses) 0.90[0.44; 1.93]NA-Wwhatever (meta-analysis)Anyduring pregnancy (anytime or not specified)studies TTT-9 metaPregmetaPreg 0.92[0.41; 2.07]28%401----Trivedi (Phenobarbital) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2018 Miškov (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2016 Tomson (Phenobarbital), 2015 30.510.01.0