- Medication and Pregnancy KB

Study	Type of data	Exposure measurement	Outcome assessment	Adjustment
Ahlqvist_High exposure, 2024	population based cohort retrospective	1995-2019: Prospective collection during the first antenatal visit (typically at 8-10 weeks’ gestation), during which midwives conducted structured interviews (including OTC), and later in pregnancy by the midwife and physician. From 2005: supplemented with Prescribed Drug Register.	Autism, ADHD, and intellectual disability diagnoses were identified using International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes from the National Patient Register. ADHD diagnoses were also identified based on the dispensation of the ADHD medications (methylphenidate or atomoxetine).	Singleton. Adjusted for child sex; all other analgesics; parent’s diagnoses of migraine, chronic pain, infections, fever, rheumatoid arthritis, and headaches; parity; age; cohabitation at delivery; BMI; smoking; use of psycholeptics, antidepressants, and antiseizure medication; ...; household education and disposable income.
Ahlqvist_Low exposure, 2024	population based cohort retrospective	1995-2019: Prospective collection during the first antenatal visit (typically at 8-10 weeks’ gestation), during which midwives conducted structured interviews (including OTC), and later in pregnancy by the midwife and physician. From 2005: supplemented with Prescribed Drug Register.	Autism, ADHD, and intellectual disability diagnoses were identified using International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes from the National Patient Register. ADHD diagnoses were also identified based on the dispensation of the ADHD medications (methylphenidate or atomoxetine).	Singleton. Adjusted for child sex; all other analgesics; parent’s diagnoses of migraine, chronic pain, infections, fever, rheumatoid arthritis, and headaches; parity; age; cohabitation at delivery; BMI; smoking; use of psycholeptics, antidepressants, and antiseizure medication; ...; household education and disposable income.
Ahlqvist_Medium exposure, 2024	population based cohort retrospective	1995-2019: Prospective collection during the first antenatal visit (typically at 8-10 weeks’ gestation), during which midwives conducted structured interviews (including OTC), and later in pregnancy by the midwife and physician. From 2005: supplemented with Prescribed Drug Register.	Autism, ADHD, and intellectual disability diagnoses were identified using International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes from the National Patient Register. ADHD diagnoses were also identified based on the dispensation of the ADHD medications (methylphenidate or atomoxetine).	Singleton. Adjusted for child sex; all other analgesics; parent’s diagnoses of migraine, chronic pain, infections, fever, rheumatoid arthritis, and headaches; parity; age; cohabitation at delivery; BMI; smoking; use of psycholeptics, antidepressants, and antiseizure medication; ...; household education and disposable income.
Liew_High exposure, 2014	prospective cohort	Paracetamol use was collected in three computer-assisted telephone interviews conducted at gestational weeks 12 and 30 and 6 months postpartum. At each interview, mothers were asked if they had taken acetaminophen as a singular or combination drug available over the counter or via prescription.	Hyperkinetic disorders diagnosis identified from the National Hospital Registry, the Psychiatric Central Registry or 2 or more ADHD medication prescriptions (methylphenidate, atomoxetine or modafinil). ADHD-like behaviors based on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (parental report).	Adjusted for maternal age at birth, sex of child, child’s birth year, gestational age, birth weight, parity, socioeconomic status of mother, maternal smoking and alcohol drinking during pregnancy, maternal prepregnancy BMI, mother’s ever having had mental health problems, and maternal diseases in muscles/joints, fever, or infection/inflammation during pregnancy. Additional sensitivity analyses.
Liew_Low exposure, 2014	prospective cohort	Paracetamol use was collected in three computer-assisted telephone interviews conducted at gestational weeks 12 and 30 and 6 months postpartum. At each interview, mothers were asked if they had taken acetaminophen as a singular or combination drug available over the counter or via prescription.	Hyperkinetic disorders diagnosis identified from the National Hospital Registry, the Psychiatric Central Registry or 2 or more ADHD medication prescriptions (methylphenidate, atomoxetine or modafinil). ADHD-like behaviors based on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (parental report).	Adjusted for maternal age at birth, sex of child, child’s birth year, gestational age, birth weight, parity, socioeconomic status of mother, maternal smoking and alcohol drinking during pregnancy, maternal prepregnancy BMI, mother’s ever having had mental health problems, and maternal diseases in muscles/joints, fever, or infection/inflammation during pregnancy. Additional sensitivity analyses.
Liew_Medium exposure, 2014	prospective cohort	Paracetamol use was collected in three computer-assisted telephone interviews conducted at gestational weeks 12 and 30 and 6 months postpartum. At each interview, mothers were asked if they had taken acetaminophen as a singular or combination drug available over the counter or via prescription.	Hyperkinetic disorders diagnosis identified from the National Hospital Registry, the Psychiatric Central Registry or 2 or more ADHD medication prescriptions (methylphenidate, atomoxetine or modafinil). ADHD-like behaviors based on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (parental report).	Adjusted for maternal age at birth, sex of child, child’s birth year, gestational age, birth weight, parity, socioeconomic status of mother, maternal smoking and alcohol drinking during pregnancy, maternal prepregnancy BMI, mother’s ever having had mental health problems, and maternal diseases in muscles/joints, fever, or infection/inflammation during pregnancy. Additional sensitivity analyses.
Ystrom_High dose, 2017	prospective cohort	Information on acetaminophen use was obtained through MoBa questionnaires, at week 18, week 30, and 6 months postpartum. The mother could name the medication taken in an open textbox and specify the exposure windows (total calculated across all exposure windows).	Information about children’s ADHD diagnosis was obtained from the Norwegian Patient Registry (NPR, coded with International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision diagnoses of hyperkinetic disorder (F90.0, F90.1, F90.8, or F90.9)) between 2008 and 2014.	Adjusted for maternal and paternal use before pregnancy, birth year, parental ADHD symptoms, alcohol use during pregnancy, smoking during pregnancy, symptoms of anxiety and depression during pregnancy, maternal education, marital status, BMI at 17th week of gestation, maternal age, and parity.
Ystrom_Low dose, 2017	prospective cohort	Information on acetaminophen use was obtained through MoBa questionnaires, at week 18, week 30, and 6 months postpartum. The mother could name the medication taken in an open textbox and specify the exposure windows (total calculated across all exposure windows).	Information about children’s ADHD diagnosis was obtained from the Norwegian Patient Registry (NPR, coded with International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision diagnoses of hyperkinetic disorder (F90.0, F90.1, F90.8, or F90.9)) between 2008 and 2014.	Adjusted for maternal and paternal use before pregnancy, birth year, parental ADHD symptoms, alcohol use during pregnancy, smoking during pregnancy, symptoms of anxiety and depression during pregnancy, maternal education, marital status, BMI at 17th week of gestation, maternal age, and parity.
Ystrom_Medium dose, 2017	prospective cohort	Information on acetaminophen use was obtained through MoBa questionnaires, at week 18, week 30, and 6 months postpartum. The mother could name the medication taken in an open textbox and specify the exposure windows (total calculated across all exposure windows).	Information about children’s ADHD diagnosis was obtained from the Norwegian Patient Registry (NPR, coded with International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision diagnoses of hyperkinetic disorder (F90.0, F90.1, F90.8, or F90.9)) between 2008 and 2014.	Adjusted for maternal and paternal use before pregnancy, birth year, parental ADHD symptoms, alcohol use during pregnancy, smoking during pregnancy, symptoms of anxiety and depression during pregnancy, maternal education, marital status, BMI at 17th week of gestation, maternal age, and parity.

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