Carbamazepine (Epilepsy) updated on 04-22-2025

Minor congenital malformations

id	Study   Auto Ertürk Çetin (Epilepsy) (Carbamazepine), 2024Bromley (Carbamazepine) (Epilepsy) (Controls exposed to LTG), 2023Bromley (Carbamazepine) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2023Mari (Carbamazepine), 2022Alsaadi (Controls exposed to LTG), 2020Alsaadi (Controls unexposed sick), 2020Barroso (Carbamazepine), 2015Barqawi (Carbamazepine), 2005Dean (Carbamazepine), 2002Wide (Carbamazepine), 2000Battino (Carbamazepine), 1992Van der Pol (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 1991Van der Pol (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991Robert (Carbamazepine), 1986	Lib. in paper	Exposition period  Auto during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)1st trimester2nd trimester3rd trimester2nd and/or 3rd trimesterthroughout pregnancyearly pregnancydays before deliverylate pregnancypreconception-onlypericonceptionalpreconceptional for kinetic reasonat least 1st trimester3 months (or more) before pregnancy or during pregnancy1st and 2nd trimester3 months or more before pregnancy or1st trimester	Study type  All studies Case control excluded Only case control	Control type    Auto unexposed (general population or NOS)unexposed, sickunexposed, disease freeexposed to other treatment, sicknot specifiedsiblingwhatever (meta-analysis)	Tags	OR 95%CI	x1/n1 x0/n0	no cases	no exposed	ROB	Ref.
S16806 R70515	Ertürk Çetin (Epilepsy) (Carbamazepine), 2024	At least one minor anomaly	throughout pregnancy	prospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick	Adjustment: No	5.00 [0.34;72.77] C	3/4   3/8	6	4		ref
S15365 R63214	Bromley (Carbamazepine) (Epilepsy) (Controls exposed to LTG), 2023	Minor congenital anomaly	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	prospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick excluded	Adjustment: No	0.47 [0.06;3.94] C excluded (control group)	1/27   8/106	9	27		ref
S15366 R63227	Bromley (Carbamazepine) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2023	Minor congenital anomaly	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) excluded	prospective cohort	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	3.04 [0.18;50.32] C excluded (exposition period)	1/27   1/80	2	27		ref
S12675 R47898	Mari (Carbamazepine), 2022	Minor congenital malformations	throughout pregnancy	retrospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick	Adjustment: No	2.88 [0.14;60.81] C	3/29   0/11	3	29		ref
S16697 R70259	Alsaadi (Controls exposed to LTG), 2020	Minor congenital malformations	1st trimester	retrospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick excluded	Adjustment: No	1.65 [0.15;17.82] C excluded (control group)	3/23   1/12	4	23		ref
S16698 R70263	Alsaadi (Controls unexposed sick), 2020	Minor congenital malformations	1st trimester	retrospective cohort	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	12.74 [0.63;259.65] C	3/23   0/36	3	23		ref
S314 R18999	Barroso (Carbamazepine), 2015	Minor anomalies	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) excluded	retrospective cohort	unexposed, disease free	Adjustment: No	12.44 [2.15;72.06] C excluded (exposition period)	2/12   5/316	7	12		ref
S313 R18996	Barqawi (Carbamazepine), 2005	Minor congenital anomalies	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) excluded	prospective cohort	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	13.70 [0.67;279.25] C excluded (exposition period)	4/16   0/18	4	16		ref
S336 R18021	Dean (Carbamazepine), 2002	Minor congenital malformations	at least 1st trimester	retrospective cohort	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	3.67 [1.27;10.58] C	25/70   5/38	30	70		ref
S6298 R17070	Wide (Carbamazepine), 2000	Minor anomalies	throughout pregnancy	prospective cohort	unexposed (general population or NOS)	Adjustment: No Matched	11.00 [1.42;85.20]	15/39   5/37	20	39		ref
S7269 R21038	Battino (Carbamazepine), 1992	Minor anomalies	1st trimester	prospective cohort	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	1.75 [0.09;34.55] C	5/59   0/9	5	59		ref
S6823 R19286	Van der Pol (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 1991	Waldrop score >2	throughout pregnancy	prospective cohort	unexposed, disease free excluded	Adjustment: No Matched	1.69 [0.38;7.51] C excluded (control group)	3/11   10/55	13	11		ref
S6825 R19336	Van der Pol (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991	Waldrop score >2	throughout pregnancy	prospective cohort	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	0.45 [0.09;2.16] C	3/11   10/22	13	11		ref
S6164 R16217	Robert (Carbamazepine), 1986	Minor malformations	1st trimester	retrospective cohort	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	1.36 [0.06;33.05] C	0/3   4/35	4	3		ref
					Total	8 studies	2.75 [1.20;6.31]		84	238
x1: number of endpoints among exposed, n1: number of exposed; x0: number of endpoints among non exposed, n0: number of non exposed; C: calculated odds ratio from numbers of events and effectives

Forest plot

Sensitivity analysis

Publication bias and p-hacking diagnosis

Sub-groups analysis using all included studies

excluded 6823, 16697, 15365