Quetiapine

Exposed non-exposed, cohort studies

Study Country
Study period
Study design		 Data source Exposure definition Non-exposure definition Exposition period Sample size
(exposed/unexposed) Or (case / control)		 Remarks Risk of bias
Bruno
2024 		Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden
2000 - 2020
population based cohort retrospective 		European Nordic national health and social registers that include information on all births, filled prescriptions. Pregnant women who filled ≥1 prescription for Quetiapine monotherapy (among antipsychotic medication) anytime between pregnancy start (based on the date of the first day of the last menstrual period) until the date of birth. unexposed, sick
Pregnant women who did not fill a prescription for any antipsychotic from 90 days before the start of pregnancy until birth. 		during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) 4492 / 197296 Authors assessed several atypical antipsychotics (adjusted results), thus to avoid redundancy of controls, only one substance was reported in class meta-analysis (this one with the higher number of pregnancies).
Data on filled or reimbursed prescriptions were obtained from the nation prescription registries.
Chan (Controls exposed to FGA)
2024 		China
2003 - 2018
retrospective cohort (claims database) 		Clinical Data Analysis and Reporting System (CDARS), a territory-wide electronic health record (EHR) database from universal health coverage to all Hong Kong residents. Pregnant women filling at least one prescription of quetiapine only (without other antipsychotic) during the first trimester of pregnancy, which is defined as the first 90 days after the last menstrual period (LMP). exposed to other treatment, sick
Pregnant women filling at least one prescription of any first generation antipsychotic (only, i.e no second generation antipsychotic) during the first trimester of pregnancy, which is defined as the first 90 days after the last menstrual period (LMP). 		at least 1st trimester 191 / 420 Pregnancies with gestational age < 20 weeks, chromosomal abnormalities, fetal alcohol syndrome, abnormalities due to maternal infection, or exposure to known teratogens were excluded.
The exposure data were obtained from the Clinical Data Analysis and Reporting System (CDARS), including prescribing and dispensing records.
Chan (Controls unexposed, general pop)
2024 		China
2003 - 2018
retrospective cohort (claims database) 		Clinical Data Analysis and Reporting System (CDARS), a territory-wide electronic health record (EHR) database from universal health coverage to all Hong Kong residents. Pregnant women filling at least one prescription of quetiapine only (without other antipsychotic) during the first trimester of pregnancy, which is defined as the first 90 days after the last menstrual period (LMP). unexposed (general population or NOS)
Pregnant women who were not prescribed with any antipsychotic within the 90 days before the last menstrual period (LMP) and during the first trimester. 		at least 1st trimester 191 / 464017 Pregnancies with gestational age < 20 weeks, chromosomal abnormalities, fetal alcohol syndrome, abnormalities due to maternal infection, or exposure to known teratogens were excluded.
The exposure data were obtained from the Clinical Data Analysis and Reporting System (CDARS), including prescribing and dispensing records.
Chan (Controls unexposed, sick)
2024 		China
2003 - 2018
retrospective cohort (claims database) 		Clinical Data Analysis and Reporting System (CDARS), a territory-wide electronic health record (EHR) database from universal health coverage to all Hong Kong residents. Pregnant women filling at least one prescription of quetiapine only (without other antipsychotic) during the first trimester of pregnancy, which is defined as the first 90 days after the last menstrual period (LMP). unexposed, sick
Pregnant women with psychiatric diagnosis who were not prescribed with any antipsychotic within the 90 days before the last menstrual period (LMP) and during the first trimester. 		at least 1st trimester 169 / 6476 Pregnancies with gestational age < 20 weeks, chromosomal abnormalities, fetal alcohol syndrome, abnormalities due to maternal infection, or exposure to known teratogens were excluded.
The exposure data were obtained from the Clinical Data Analysis and Reporting System (CDARS), including prescribing and dispensing records.
Cohen
2023 		USA
2008 - 2021
prospective cohort 		The National Pregnancy Registry for Psychiatric Medications Pregnant women with first trimester (0 <= 13 weeks) use of Quetiapine. unexposed, sick
Pregnant women unexposed to Second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) during the entire pregnancy. 		1st trimester 264 / 886 Overlapping: Cohen 2023 updates data of Cohen 2018 (major congenital malformations), based on a longer study period and more exposures. Univariate adjustments: choice to reporte results adjusted for alcohol use in 1st trimester.
Participants were interviewed by trained research staff via phone at three points across pregnancy: enrollment (any time during pregnancy), 7 months gestation, and 3 months postpartum. Interview collected notably information regarding pharmacotherapy before, during, and after pregnancy.
Ellfolk (Controls exposed to FGA)
2021 		Finland
1996 - 2017
population based cohort retrospective 		The 'Drugs and Pregnancy' database in Finland, a population-based birth cohort study based on the Medical Birth Register, the Abortion Register, the Register of Congenital Malformations, the Prescription Register... Pregnant women who purchased second-generation antipsychotic quetiapine during 1 month before pregnancy until the end of first trimester. (This is a subgroup of exposure among the whole exposed group considered in the study). exposed to other treatment, sick
Pregnant women who purchased first-generation antipsychotic (F-GAs) during one month before pregnancy until the end of first trimester but did not purchase S-GAs during the same time period. 		1st trimester 2618 / 1030 Overlapping: for Major, cardiac malformations and oral clefts: Ellfolk 2021 included in a larger study: Huybrechts 2023 (including Finland; 1996-2016) => outcomes not reported here. Stillbirths and gestational diabetes assessed in Ellfolk et al. 2019.
Data from the Drugs and Pregnancy database which includes data from the Prescription Register.
Ellfolk (Controls unexposed NOS)
2021 		Finland
1996 - 2017
population based cohort retrospective 		The 'Drugs and Pregnancy' database in Finland, a population-based birth cohort study based on the Medical Birth Register, the Abortion Register, the Register of Congenital Malformations, the Prescription Register... Pregnant women who purchased quetiapine during 1 month before pregnancy until the end of first trimester. (This is a subgroup of exposure among the whole exposed group considered in the study). unexposed (general population or NOS)
Pregnant women who had no purchases of second-generation antipsychotic (S-GAs) or first-generation antipsychotic (F-GAs) during three months before pregnancy until end of first trimester. 		1st trimester 2618 / 22540 Overlapping: for Major, cardiac malformations and oral clefts: Ellfolk 2021 included in a larger study: Huybrechts 2023 (including Finland; 1996-2016) => outcomes not reported here. Stillbirths and gestational diabetes assessed in Ellfolk et al. 2019.
Data from the Drugs and Pregnancy database which includes data from the Prescription Register.
Habermann (Control exposed to FGA)
2013 		Germany
1997 - 2009
prospective cohort 		Teratology Information Service (TIS Berlin) Women exposed to Quetiapine during pregnancy; comedication with First Generation Antipsycotics (FGA) was allowed. (This is a subgroup of exposure among the whole exposed group considered in the study). exposed to other treatment, sick
Women exposed to First Generation Antipsychotics (FGAs) excluding comedication with Second Generation Antipsychotics (SGA) (cohort I). 		1st trimester, late pregnancy 185 / 284 Primary analyse on all Atypical Antipsychotics but Raw data are provided for some substances. Cases with potentially embryo- or fetotoxic drugs were not excluded for both the study cohort and the comparison cohort I but were assessed afterward.
Data ascertainment was performed using 2 structured questionnaires at (1) the first contact and (2) 8 weeks after the estimated date of birth. A detailed history of drug use is recorded at the first contact.
Habermann (Control unexposed, disease free)
2013 		Germany
1997 - 2009
prospective cohort 		Teratology Information Service (TIS Berlin) Women exposed to Quetiapine during pregnancy; comedication with First Generation Antipsycotics (FGA) was allowed. (This is a subgroup of exposure among the whole exposed group considered in the study). unexposed, disease free
Women exposed to teratogenic, fetotoxic, or insufficiently studied agents were excluded as described elsewhere (cohort II). 		1st trimester, late pregnancy 185 / 1122 Primary analyse on all Atypical Antipsychotics but Raw data are provided for some substances. Cases with potentially embryo- or fetotoxic drugs were not excluded for both the study cohort and the comparison cohort I but were assessed afterward.
Data ascertainment was performed using 2 structured questionnaires at (1) the first contact and (2) 8 weeks after the estimated date of birth. A detailed history of drug use is recorded at the first contact.
Huybrechts (Controls unexposed, NOS)
2023 		Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden and USA.
1996 - 2018
population based cohort retrospective 		The International Pregnancy Safety Study (InPress) Consortium, a collaboration among research groups from the 5 Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden) and the USA (nationwide Medicaid Analytic eXtract). Pregnancies with 1 or more prescriptions of Quetiapine during the first trimester, the period for organogenesis. unexposed (general population or NOS)
Pregnancies who did not fill any antipsychotic prescriptions during the 3 months prior to pregnancy until the end of the first trimester. 		1st trimester 11065 / 6455324 Overlapping: Data of Huybrechts 2016, Liu 2023 and Ellfolk 2021 totally and partially (major, cardiac, oral clefts) included in this larger study. Data of Reis 2008 (Sweden; 1995-2005) not included in Huybrechts 2023 (Sweden: 2006-2016).
Exposure to atypical and typical antipsychotics was defined based on filling 1 or more prescriptions of the respective drug class during the first trimester, the period for organogenesis. => Prescription databases.
Huybrechts (Controls unexposed, sick)
2023 		Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden and USA.
1996 - 2018
population based cohort retrospective 		The International Pregnancy Safety Study (InPress) Consortium, a collaboration among research groups from the 5 Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden) and the USA (nationwide Medicaid Analytic eXtract). Pregnancies with 1 or more prescriptions of Quetiapine during the first trimester, the period for organogenesis. unexposed, sick
Pregnancies in women with mental health condition, who did not fill any antipsychotic prescriptions during the 3 months prior to pregnancy until the end of the first trimester. 		1st trimester 8350 / 318731 Overlapping: Data of Huybrechts 2016, Liu 2023 and Ellfolk 2021 totally and partially (major, cardiac, oral clefts) included in this larger study. Data of Reis 2008 (Sweden; 1995-2005) not included in Huybrechts 2023 (Sweden: 2006-2016).
Exposure to atypical and typical antipsychotics was defined based on filling 1 or more prescriptions of the respective drug class during the first trimester, the period for organogenesis. => Prescription databases.
Källen
2013 		Sweden
1996 - 2011
population based cohort retrospective 		Swedish Medical Birth Register Pregnant women exposed to Quetiapine. (This is a subgroup of exposure among the whole exposed group considered in the study). unexposed (general population or NOS)
Not specified 		2nd and/or 3rd trimester 75 / -9 The study was related to the Central Nervous System (CNS) active drugs. RR calculated with observed/expected numbers. All outcomes are provided for neuroleptics as a whole excepted for preterm (2nd generation antipsychotics).
The exposure data are either based on midwife interviews from the first antenatal visit (usually during weeks 10–12) or on linkage with a prescribed drug register.
Kananen
2023 		Finland
2002 - 2016
retrospective cohort 		Kuopio University Hospital (KUH) Birth Register, Finland. All pregnant women who either self-reported the use or were administered quetiapine at the Kuopio University Hospital (KUH). unexposed (general population or NOS)
All pregnant women without antipsychotic exposure. 		during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) 153 / 35837 OR based on 152 and 35133 exposed and unexposed pregnancy, respectively (values excluding multifetal gestations and antiemetics users). Quetiapine with other antipsychotic agent: 3.7%.
The women self-reported their use of medications at any point during pregnancy via an online questionnaire and midwifes checked the data collected and further reported medications administrated at the Kuopio University Hospital (KUH) during pregnancy and childbirth.
Kulkarni
2024 		Australia
2005 - 2019
prospective cohort 		National Register of Antipsychotic Medication in Pregnancy (NRAMP), Australia. Women who had a diagnosis of a schizophrenia spectrum disorder and took quetiapine during the first trimester of pregnancy (at minimum). unexposed, sick
Women with a diagnosis of schizophrenia spectrum disorder who chose not to take any antipsychotic during the first trimester of pregnancy (at a minimum). 		at least 1st trimester 53 / 24 Authors studied 2 atypical antipsychotics => To avoid redundancy of controls only one is used in the class meta-analysis, this one with the highest number of exposed pregnancies.
Pregnant women were interviewed and monitored by the research team. With consent, information was also sought from treating clinicians and medical records.
McKenna
2005 		Canada, Israel and England
Not specified
prospective cohort 		Motherisk Program, Israeli Teratogen Information Service and Drug safety research unit database Women who has taken Quetiapine within 3 months of pregnancy or during pregnancy. (This is a subgroup of exposure among the whole exposed group considered in the study). unexposed, disease free
Subsequent woman who contacted the TIS regarding exposure to a non-teratogenic agent. Women who reported a psychiatric diagnosis or psychotropic medication use were excluded from the comparison group. 		1st trimester 36 / 151 All of the women were exposed in the first trimester.
Exposure declared by women during exposure and data were achieved by sending each general practitioner a detailed questionnaire with questions regarding drug history.
Newport
2007 		USA
Not specified
prospective cohort 		Emory Women’s Mental Health Program, USA. Pregnant women receiving receiving a stable daily dose of Quetiapine for >5 elimination half-lives at delivery. (This is a subgroup of exposure among the whole exposed group considered in the study). exposed to other treatment, sick
Pregnant women receiving Haloperidol. 		late pregnancy 21 / 13 Each substance is a subanalyse. The meta-analysis authors considered Atypic antipsychotics as the exposed group and Haloperidol as the control group. In the original publication, the authors provided each outcome by Substance.
Maternal interview at monthly intervals during pregnancy (at which time maternal use of prescription and nonprescription medications was documented). Pregnant women treated with antipsychotics during pregnancy proximate to delivery
Ozturk
2016 		Turkey
2007 - 2012
retrospective cohort 		The prenatal consultation service, Turkey. Pregnancies exposed to Quetiapine. (This is a subgroup of exposure among the whole exposed group considered in the study). unexposed (general population or NOS)
Pregnancies not exposed to known teratogens, in the same year applying the same procedure for data collection and follow-up. 		during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) 8 / 275 Authors investigated Psychotropic drugs as a whole but also provided data for individual substances. Drug exposures took place in 81% during the first trimester, and 11% in all three trimesters. Distinction between miscarriage and stillbirth.
At the first contact, a detailed patient history form was used to record the following information: maternal demographic data and obstetric history, consanguineous marriage, smoking and alcohol consumption, X-ray and all drug exposures (dose, duration and timing in pregnancy).
Park
2018 		USA
2000 - 2010
retrospective cohort (claims database) 		The Medicaid Analytic eXtract Pregnant women who had two or more prescriptions dispensed during the first 140 days of their pregnancy for Quetiapine (also received before pregnancy). Exclusion if more than 1 studied antipsychotic. (This is a subgroup of exposure among the whole exposed group considered in the study). unexposed, sick
Pregnant women who had no prescriptions dispensed for an anti- psychotic medication during the first 140 days of pregnancy were classified as “discontinuers.” 		at least 1st trimester 1542 / 2951 Primary analyses performed individually for each substance ( aripiprazole, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, or ziprasidone).
The Medicaid Analytic eXtract, nationwide claims database that contains information on pharmacy dispensing records.
Peng
2013 		China
2007 - 2010
prospective cohort 		Department of obstetrics/ gynecology of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, China. Women with a diagnosis of schizophrenia who were taking quetiapine throughout the pregnancy. unexposed, disease free
Women who not have any mental disorder and were not treated with any antipsychotics in the same department. 		throughout pregnancy 6 / 76 Continuous variables: there were no significant differences between the two groups in the Apgar score at 1 and 5 min, as well as the mean weight, height, and brain circumference.
A detailed questionnaire completed by all enrolled pregnant women prior to delivery. Once the questionnaire was completed, permission was requested to receive a report from the physician and obstetrician.
Raguideau
2017 		France
2011 - 2015
retrospective cohort (claims database) 		French national health insurance information system (SNIIRAM) Pregnancies exposed Quetiapine during the two first months of pregnancy (reimbursement occurring the month before the pregnancy or during the two first months of pregnancy). (This is a subgroup of exposure among the whole exposed group considered in the study). unexposed (general population or NOS)
Pregnancies not exposed to bipolar disorder drugs during the two first months of pregnancy (reimbursement occurring the month before the pregnancy or during the two first months of pregnancy). 		early pregnancy 219 / 1888130 The study not considered all major malformations but 26 malfo.
The French national health insurance database (DCIR) containing all individualized and anonymous health care claims reimbursed by French National Health Insurance.
Reis (Control exposed to FGA)
2008 		Sweded
1995 - 2005
population based cohort retrospective 		Swedish Medical Birth Register Women who had reported the use of Quetiapine in early pregnancy. (This is a subgroup of exposure among the whole exposed group considered in the study). exposed to other treatment, sick
Women who had reported the use of 'Any first-generation antipsychotic' in early pregnancy. (This is a subgroup of exposure among the whole exposed group considered in the study). 		early pregnancy 4 / 435 Atypical and typical antipsychotics are subgroups of the entire study. Atypical versus Typical. OR and adjustement performed for other groups. Relative severe malformations, with exclusion of known chromosome anomalies.
Maternal drug use in early pregnancy is recorded from interviews performed by the midwife at the first antenatal care visit, usually before the end of the first trimester.
Reis (Unexposed control, NOS)
2008 		Sweden
1995 - 2005
population based cohort retrospective 		Swedish Medical Birth Register Women who had reported the use of Quetiapine in early pregnancy. (This is a subgroup of exposure among the whole exposed group considered in the study). unexposed (general population or NOS)
All other women in the register. 		early pregnancy 4 / 958729 Atypical antipsychotics are a subgroup of the entire study. OR and adjustement performed for other groups. Relative severe malformations, with exclusion of known chromosome anomalies.
Maternal drug use in early pregnancy is recorded from interviews performed by the midwife at the first antenatal care visit, usually before the end of the first trimester.
Sadowski
2013 		Canada
2005 - 2009
prospective cohort 		Motherisk Program Women who confirmed the use of Quetiapine for a minimum of 4 weeks of pregnancy. (This is a subgroup of exposure among the whole exposed group considered in the study). unexposed, disease free
Women who reported exposure to non-teratogenic agents (eg, acetaminophen, antihistamines, etc). Control women who reported a history of psychiatric disorders or who were exposed in their current pregnancy to a known teratogen were excluded. 		during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) 94 / 133 Women who were exposed to teratogenic medications unrelated to their psychiatric disorder treatment, such as acutane, or who abused substances (eg, alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, heroin, etc) were excluded from the study cohort.
Telephone interviews of mothers
Sorensen
2015 		Denmark
1997 - 2008
population based cohort retrospective 		Nationwide Danish health registries (the Danish National Hospital Register, the Danish National Prescription Register and the Danish Medical Birth Register). Any prescription of Quetiapine redeemed by the pregnant women during the exposure window, and recorded in the Danish National Prescription Register. (This is a subgroup of exposure among the whole exposed group considered in the study). unexposed (general population or NOS)
Unexposed women were defined as pregnant women who did not redeem any prescription of antipsychotic medications during the exposure window. 		early pregnancy 174 / 841183 Primary analyses performed on antipsychotics versus unexposed. Authors also analysed each antipsychotic (typical and atypical) substance separately.
Any prescription recorded in the Danish National Prescription Register.
Straub
2022 		USA
2000 - 2015
retrospective cohort (claims database) 		The nationwide Medicaid Analytic eXtract (MAX) and the IBM Health MarketScan Research Database (MarketScan). Children whose mother filled a prescription for Quetiapine during the second half of pregnancy (>18 gestational weeks). (This is a subgroup of exposure among the whole exposed group considered in the study). unexposed (general population or NOS)
Children born to mothers with no antipsychotic dispensing from 90 days before pregnancy until birth. 		2nd and/or 3rd trimester, early pregnancy 4457 / 3309095 Estimates from both cohorts were combined through meta-analysis by authors. Children with a known chromosomal or genetic abnormality were excluded.
The nationwide Medicaid Analytic eXtract (MAX) and the IBM Health MarketScan Research Database (MarketScan). Both sources included outpatient medication dispensings.
Vigod
2015 		Canada
2003 - 2012
retrospective cohort (claims database) 		Multiple health administrative databases in the entire province of Ontario, Canada. At least two consecutive prescriptions for Quetiapine filled between the conception date and the delivery date. At least one prescriptions filled prior to 27 GW. (This is a subgroup of exposure among the whole exposed group considered in the study). unexposed, sick
Matched women not exposed to any antipsychotic drug during pregnancy using a HDPS matching algorithm to minimise treatment selection bias (leading to similar psychiatric diagnoses before index pregnancy => considered as 'unexposed, sick'). 		during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) 556 / 1021 Atypical antipsychotic drugs (and each substance) are a subgroup of the primary analysis on the antipsychotic drug. For those results, RRadj only provided on a graphic but raw data are provided by authors and used for this meta analysis.
Ontario Drug Benefit (ODB) database
Wang - HK cohort
2021 		China
2001 - 2015
retrospective cohort (claims database) 		The Hong Kong Clinical Data Analysis and Reporting System (CDARS). Pregnant women who received at least 56 days coverage time of prescriptions of Quetiapine before and during pregnancy (continuers). unexposed, sick
Pregnant women who did not receive any antipsychotic during pregnancy, but did before pregnancy (discontinuers). 		during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) -9 / 340 Number of quetiapine continuers not provided by authors.
Prescriptions of any antipsychotic listed in Chapter 4.2.1 of the British National Formulary (BNF) were extracted from the prescribing and dispensing records.
Wang - UK cohort
2021 		United Kingdom
1990 - 2017
retrospective cohort (claims database) 		The UK The Health Improvement Network (THIN) database. Pregnant women who received at least two prescriptions (normally 28 days for one prescription) of Quetiapine before and during pregnancy (continuers). unexposed, sick
Pregnant women who did not receive any antipsychotic during pregnancy, but did before pregnancy (discontinuers). 		during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) -9 / 1577 Number of quetiapine continuers not provided by authors.
Prescriptions of any antipsychotic listed in Chapter 4.2.1 of the British National Formulary (BNF) were extracted from the prescribing and dispensing records.
Wurtz
2017 		Denmark
1997 - 2012
population based cohort retrospective 		Danish National Patient Register Any prescription of Quetiapine registered during the exposure window (defined as 30 days before the estimated first day of the last menstrual period to the day before birth). (This is a subgroup of exposure among the whole exposed group considered in the study). unexposed (general population or NOS)
No prescription of antipsychotic medication registered in the Danish Register of Medicinal Product Statistics during the exposure window (defined as 30 days before the estimated first day of the last menstrual period to the day before birth). 		during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) -9 / 960527 The exposure of interest was the mother’s use of Antipsychotic (AP) during pregnancy. Second generation antipsychotic, quetiapine and olanzapine are subanalyses.
Danish Register of Medicinal Product Statistics.
Yaris
2005 		Turkey
1999 - 2004
prospective cohort 		Toxicology Information and Follow-up Service, Turkey. Women who were exposed to Quetiapine during pregnancy for depression, anxiety, and psychotic disorders. (This is a subgroup of exposure among the whole exposed group considered in the study). unexposed (general population or NOS)
Women who did not use any drug while pregnant. 		during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) 2 / 248 Multiple drug exposure. Raw data for Intrauterine exitus not reported because the nb of cases in the unexposed group not clearly stated.
Data surveyed by the interviews.

Case-control studies

Study Country
Study period
Study design		 Data source Case Control Exposition Exposition period Sample size
(exposed/unexposed) Or (case / control)		 Remarks Risk of bias
Ishikawa
2024 		Japan
2005 - 2022
nested case control 		The administrative claims database from JMDC Inc. (Tokyo, Japan), which contains all inpatient (including those during hospitalization), outpatient, and pharmacy claims received from the insurers. Women whose pregnancies ended in a miscarriage that occurred between the beginning of the fourth and 22nd weeks of gestation. Women randomly selected from the entire cohort of pregnancies by risk-set sampling with replacement and were individu- ally matched to the cases (3:1). Exposure were identified according to the WHO-ATC or alternate entries in the administrative claims database from JMDC Inc. (Tokyo, Japan), which contains pharmacy claims received from the insurers. during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) 44118 / 132317 Exposure to benzodiazepines was used as a positive control.
Birth outcomes was unavailable in the Japanese claims database. Pregnancies and birth outcomes were estimated using two methods: the first one was for those whose pregnancy-and birth outcome-related entries were available, and their pregnancies and birth outcomes were estimated using these entries.

Risk of bias: : NA;   : low;   : moderate;   : serious;   : critical;   : unclear;  

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