Acetaminophen (Paracetamol)


Study Exclusion reasons Rmk Reference
Alemany_RHEA, 2021 inadequate or absent control group EXCLUDED: Definitions of the exposed and unexposed groups led to partial exposure of the 2 groups compared. No used in the core analysis in the 1st stage (use only classic, mutually exclusive exposure definitions)

Alemany Eur J Epidemiol 2021; 36:993-1004 10.1007/s10654-021-00754-4

Baker, 2025 inadequate or absent control group EXCLUDED: Definitions of the exposed and unexposed groups led to partial exposure of the 2 groups compared. No used in the core analysis in the 1st stage (use only classic, mutually exclusive exposure definitions).

Baker Nat Ment Health 2025; 3:318-331 10.1038/s44220-025-00387-6

Interrante, 2017 inadequate or absent control group EXCLUDED: Analysis of NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) and/or opioids compared to acetaminophen => The safety of NSAIDs and/or opioids is not elucidated => No adequate control group.

Interrante Ann Epidemiol 2017; 27:645-653.e2 10.1016/j.annepidem.2017.09.003

Gunawardana, 2011 inadequate or absent control group EXCLUDED: Definitions of the exposed and unexposed groups led to partial exposure of the 2 groups compared. No used in the core analysis in the 1st stage (use only classic, mutually exclusive exposure definitions).

Gunawardana Schizophr Res 2011; 126:220-5 10.1016/j.schres.2010.10.021

Choi, 2023 inadequate or absent control group EXCLUDED: Analysis of NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) versus Acetaminophen => The safety of NSAIDs is not elucidated => No adequate control group.

Choi PLoS Med 2023; 20:e1004183 10.1371/journal.pmed.1004183

Choi, E.-Y. Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf. 2022; 31:259-. 10.1002/pds.5518

Sujan, 2019 inadequate or absent control group EXCLUDED: Analysis of Opioid analgesics versus Acetaminophen => The safety of Opioid analgesics is not elucidated => No adequate control group.

Sujan PLoS Med 2019; 16:e1002980 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002980

Migliore, 2015 inadequate or absent control group EXCLUDED: Definitions of the exposed and unexposed groups led to partial exposure of the 2 groups compared. No used in the core analysis in the 1st stage (use only classic, mutually exclusive exposure definitions).

Migliore PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135775 10.1371/journal.pone.0135775

Alemany_GASPII, 2021 inadequate or absent control group EXCLUDED: Definitions of the exposed and unexposed groups led to partial exposure of the 2 groups compared. No used in the core analysis in the 1st stage (use only classic, mutually exclusive exposure definitions).

Alemany Eur J Epidemiol 2021; 36:993-1004 10.1007/s10654-021-00754-4

Alemany_Generation R, 2021 inadequate or absent control group EXCLUDED: Definitions of the exposed and unexposed groups led to partial exposure of the 2 groups compared. No used in the core analysis in the 1st stage (use only classic, mutually exclusive exposure definitions).

Alemany Eur J Epidemiol 2021; 36:993-1004 10.1007/s10654-021-00754-4

Alemany_INMA, 2021 inadequate or absent control group EXCLUDED: Definitions of the exposed and unexposed groups led to partial exposure of the 2 groups compared. No used in the core analysis in the 1st stage (use only classic, mutually exclusive exposure definitions).

Alemany Eur J Epidemiol 2021; 36:993-1004 10.1007/s10654-021-00754-4

Bertoldi_Viva, 2020 inadequate or absent control group EXCLUDED: Definitions of the exposed and unexposed groups led to partial exposure of the 2 groups compared. No used in the core analysis in the 1st stage (use only classic, mutually exclusive exposure definitions).

Bertoldi Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2020; 34:267-277 10.1111/ppe.12632

Avella-Garcia, 2016 inadequate or absent control group EXCLUDED: Definitions of the exposed and unexposed groups led to partial exposure of the 2 groups compared. No used in the core analysis in the 1st stage (use only classic, mutually exclusive exposure definitions).

Avella-Garcia Int J Epidemiol 2016; 45:1987-1996 10.1093/ije/dyw115

Baker, 2020 inadequate or absent control group EXCLUDED: Definitions of the exposed and unexposed groups led to partial exposure of the 2 groups compared. No used in the core analysis in the 1st stage (use only classic, mutually exclusive exposure definitions).

Baker JAMA Pediatr 2020; 174:1073-1081 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.3080

Bornehag_Boys, 2018 inadequate or absent control group EXCLUDED: Definitions of the exposed and unexposed groups led to partial exposure of the 2 groups compared. No used in the core analysis in the 1st stage (use only classic, mutually exclusive exposure definitions).

Bornehag Eur Psychiatry 2018; 51:98-103 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.10.007

Bornehag_Girls, 2018 inadequate or absent control group EXCLUDED: Definitions of the exposed and unexposed groups led to partial exposure of the 2 groups compared. No used in the core analysis in the 1st stage (use only classic, mutually exclusive exposure definitions).

Bornehag Eur Psychiatry 2018; 51:98-103 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.10.007

Bakkeheim, 2011 inadequate or absent control group EXCLUDED: Definitions of the exposed and unexposed groups led to partial exposure of the 2 groups compared. No used in the core analysis in the 1st stage (use only classic, mutually exclusive exposure definitions).

Bakkeheim Acta Paediatr 2011; 100:90-6 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2010.01942.x

Ruisch, 2018 inadequate or absent control group EXCLUDED: Definitions of the exposed and unexposed groups led to partial exposure of the 2 groups compared. No used in the core analysis in the 1st stage (use only classic, mutually exclusive exposure definitions).

Ruisch J Psychiatr Res 2018; 101:63-71 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.02.020

Sordillo, 2015 inadequate or absent control group EXCLUDED: Definitions of the exposed and unexposed groups led to partial exposure of the 2 groups compared. No used in the core analysis in the 1st stage (use only classic, mutually exclusive exposure definitions).

Sordillo J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 135:441-8 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.07.065

Liew b, 2019 inadequate or absent control group EXCLUDED: Definitions of the exposed and unexposed groups led to partial exposure of the 2 groups compared. No used in the core analysis in the 1st stage (use only classic, mutually exclusive exposure definitions).

Liew Am J Epidemiol 2019; 188:768-775 10.1093/aje/kwy288

Stergiakouli, 2016 inadequate or absent control group EXCLUDED: Definitions of the exposed and unexposed groups led to partial exposure of the 2 groups compared. No used in the core analysis in the 1st stage (use only classic, mutually exclusive exposure definitions).

Stergiakouli JAMA Pediatr 2016; 170:964-970 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.1775

Moreno-Galdo, 2020 inadequate or absent control group EXCLUDED: Exposure: Acetaminophen use during pregnancy (≥1 dose per quarter) and Non-exposure: No acetaminophen use during pregnancy or 1 dose per quarter. => 1 dose per quarter was included in the both groups => No adequate control group.

Moreno-Galdo Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2020; 31:124-132 10.1111/pai.13134

Shaheen, 2005 inadequate or absent control group EXCLUDED: Definitions of the exposed and unexposed groups led to partial exposure of the 2 groups compared. No used in the core analysis in the 1st stage (use only classic, mutually exclusive exposure definitions).

Shaheen Clin Exp Allergy 2005; 35:18-25 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2005.02151.x

Shaheen, 2002 inadequate or absent control group EXCLUDED: Definitions of the exposed and unexposed groups led to partial exposure of the 2 groups compared. No used in the core analysis in the 1st stage (use only classic, mutually exclusive exposure definitions). Overlapping with Shaheen 2005.

Shaheen Thorax 2002; 57:958-63 10.1136/thorax.57.11.958

Kang, 2009 inadequate or absent control group EXCLUDED: Definitions of the exposed and unexposed groups led to partial exposure of the 2 groups compared. Not used in the core analysis in the 1st stage (use only classic, mutually exclusive exposure definitions).

Kang Obstet Gynecol 2009; 114:1295-1306 10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181c225c0

Thacher, 2024 inadequate or absent control group EXCLUDED: Exposure determined in single serum sample from early pregnancy (gestation weeks 10-14) => short half life of acetaminophen. Definitions of the exposed and unexposed groups led to partial exposure of the 2 groups compared.

Thacher J Pediatr 2024; 269:113959 10.1016/j.jpeds.2024.113959

Noda, 2024 inadequate or absent control group EXCLUDED: Analysis of Japanese traditional (Kampo) medicines containing ephedra versus Acetaminophen => The safety of Kampo is not elucidated => No adequate control group.

Noda Drugs Real World Outcomes 2024; : 10.1007/s40801-023-00411-0

Piler, 2018 inadequate or absent control group EXCLUDED: Definitions of the exposed and unexposed groups led to partial exposure of the 2 groups compared. No used in the core analysis in the 1st stage (use only classic, mutually exclusive exposure definitions).

Piler J Epidemiol Community Health 2018; 72:349-355 10.1136/jech-2017-209960

Kallen, 2013 inadequate or absent control group EXCLUDED: The exposed group is defined as maternal drug use during the 2nd and/or 3rd trimesters but it is not known if the comparison group include pregnancies that were exposed during the first trimester? => Possibly not mutually exclusive.

Kallen Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2013; 24:28-32 10.1111/pai.12034

Shaheen, 2010 inadequate or absent control group EXCLUDED: Definitions of the exposed and unexposed groups led to partial exposure of the 2 groups compared. No used in the core analysis in the 1st stage (use only classic, mutually exclusive exposure definitions).

Shaheen Int J Epidemiol 2010; 39:790-4 10.1093/ije/dyq049

Kaburi, 2014 inadequate or absent control group EXCLUDED: Definitions of the exposed and unexposed groups led to partial exposure of the 2 groups compared. No used in the core analysis in the 1st stage (use only classic, mutually exclusive exposure definitions).

Kaburi University of Nairobi. 2014. Available from: http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/handle/11295/95332 Available from: http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/handle/11295/95332

Lye, 2023 inadequate or absent control group EXCLUDED: Definitions of the exposed and unexposed groups led to partial exposure of the 2 groups compared. No used in the core analysis in the 1st stage (use only classic, mutually exclusive exposure definitions).

Lye Pediatr Res 2023; 93:959-963 10.1038/s41390-022-02182-w

Hoeke, 2016 inadequate or absent control group EXCLUDED: Exposure determined in biomonitoring maternal urine at 36th week of pregnancy => short half life of acetaminophen. Definitions of the exposed and unexposed groups led to partial exposure of the 2 groups compared.

Hoeke Allergy 2016; 71:901-6 10.1111/all.12897

Bushman, 2023 inadequate or absent control group EXCLUDED: Analysis of occipital nerve block (subcutaneous 5 mL of 5% bupivacaine in bilateral greater or lesser occipital notches) compared to acetaminophen => The safety of treatment in control group is not elucidated => No adequate control group.

Bushman Obstet Gynecol 2023; 142:1179-1188 10.1097/AOG.0000000000005386

Noda, 2025 inadequate or absent control group EXCLUDED: Analysis of Japanese traditional (Kampo) medicines containing ephedra versus Acetaminophen => The safety of Kampo is not elucidated => No adequate control group.

Noda Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2025; 34:e70251 10.1002/pds.70251

Streissguth, 1987 inadequate or absent control group EXCLUDED: Definitions of the exposed and unexposed groups led to partial exposure of the 2 groups compared. No used in the core analysis in the 1st stage (use only classic, mutually exclusive exposure definitions).

Streissguth Teratology 1987; 35:211-9 10.1002/tera.1420350207

Baker, 2022 inadequate or absent control group EXCLUDED: Definitions of the exposed and unexposed groups led to partial exposure of the 2 groups compared. Meconium measurements reflect cumulative exposures during the last two-thirds of pregnancy.

Baker Front Pediatr 2022; 10:828089 10.3389/fped.2022.828089

Baker, B. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 2021; 60:S285-. 10.1016/j.jaac.2021.07.656

Alemany_ALSPAC, 2021 inadequate or absent control group EXCLUDED: Definitions of the exposed and unexposed groups led to partial exposure of the 2 groups compared. No used in the core analysis in the 1st stage (use only classic, mutually exclusive exposure definitions).

Alemany Eur J Epidemiol 2021; 36:993-1004 10.1007/s10654-021-00754-4

Pesce, 2017 not relevant exposure EXCLUDED: No analysis regarding paracetamol use (maternal paracetamol use studied as a covariable of adjustment).

Pesce Pediatr Allergy Immunol Pulmonol 2017; 30:218-226 10.1089/ped.2017.0786

Oster, 2011 not relevant exposure EXCLUDED: Analysis of antipyretic agents (acetaminophen, salicylates, and/or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) as a whole, without distinction between substances.

Oster J Pediatr 2011; 158:990-5 10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.11.058

Wagner-Mahler, 2011 not relevant exposure EXCLUDED: Aspirin and ⁄ or paracetamol analysed as a whole, without distinction of paracetamol exposure.

Wagner-Mahler Int J Androl 2011; 34:e499-510 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2011.01211.x

Bérard, 2018 not relevant exposure EXCLUDED: Acetaminophen considered as a covariable (as other prescribed medication use during pregnancy for the treatment of autoimmune diseases such as DMARDs, acetaminophen, ...).

Bérard Pain 2018; 159:948-955 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001163

Correy, 1991 not relevant exposure EXCLUDED: Paracetamol use reported but no analysis of malformations associated with paracetamol (analysis available for aspirin, dicyclomine and oral contraceptive).

Correy Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 1991; 31:340-4 10.1111/j.1479-828x.1991.tb02816.x

Batool, 2016 not in pregnancy EXCLUDED: No analysis of prenatal acetaminophen use, but in postnatal (in the 1st year of life).

Batool J Dev Orig Health Dis 2016; 7:665-671 10.1017/S2040174416000386

Marsh, 2014 not in pregnancy EXCLUDED: Analysis of exposures occurring in the periconceptional period (3 months before the last menstrual period through the first trimester of pregnancy) => It is uncertain that exposure occurred during pregnancy.

Marsh Am J Obstet Gynecol 2014; 211:404.e1-9 10.1016/j.ajog.2014.03.054

Anand, 2021 not in pregnancy EXCLUDED: Exposure determined as Coord blood acetaminophen => probably delivery or post-partum exposure. i) Same dataset Ji 2020; ii) ADHD diagnosis available according cord plasma acetaminophen ≤50th percentile vs >50th percentile.

Anand Brain Sci 2021; 11: 10.3390/brainsci11101302

Amberbir, 2011 not in pregnancy EXCLUDED: Study performed 3 years post birth and examine any paracetamol in the last year => not about exposure during pregnancy.

Amberbir PLoS One 2011; 6:e22551 10.1371/journal.pone.0022551

Ji, 2020 not in pregnancy EXCLUDED: Exposure determined as Cord blood acetaminophen => probably delivery or post-partum exposure. Comparison of 2nd and 3rd tertile groups of Cord Acetaminophen Burden to the 1st tertile of Cord Acetaminophen Burden.

Ji JAMA Psychiatry 2020; 77:180-189 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.3259

Ji, 2018 not about fetal exposure EXCLUDED: Maternal plasma biomarkers of acetaminophen use were measured using nonfasting blood samples obtained within 1–3 days postpartum. => 2h half life => Exposure could be during or after pregnancy.

Ji Brain Sci 2018; 8: 10.3390/brainsci8070127

Bauer, 2013 not relevant study design EXCLUDED: Ecological study on the correlation between autism/ASD prevalence and paracetamol (acetaminophen) use.

Bauer Environ Health 2013; 12:41 10.1186/1476-069X-12-41

Gervin, 2017 not relevant outcome EXCLUDED: Not adequate outcome (DNA methylation) for this meta-analysis (same data set that Ystrom 2017 that studied specifically ADHD diagnosis).

Gervin Clin Epigenetics 2017; 9:77 10.1186/s13148-017-0376-9

Leppert, 2019 not relevant outcome EXCLUDED: Not relevant outcome (maternal polygenic risk scores (PRSs)) for this meta-analysis.

Leppert JAMA Psychiatry 2019; 76:834-842 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.0774

Bremer, 2017 not relevant outcome EXCLUDED: Analysis of numbers of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC), a continuous variable not considered in metaPreg.

Bremer EBioMedicine 2017; 26:146-151 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.10.023

Ray-Griffith, 2016 not relevant outcome EXCLUDED: No relevant outcomes (results provided for depressive scores (BDI) certainly in mothers; additional exposures associated with acetaminophen; but no result provided for the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL)).

Ray-Griffith, S. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2016 Dec;41:S347–S347.

Smarr, 2019 not relevant outcome EXCLUDED: Continuous data only (fetal growth curves (median, 5th and 95th percentiles) andfetal parameter differences).

Smarr Pediatr Res 2019; 86:261-268 10.1038/s41390-019-0379-7

Navarro-Lafuente, 2021 not relevant outcome EXCLUDED: Continuous data such as anogenital distance, penile length or width are not considered in metaPreg because, if they could be markers of endocrine disruption, there is no consensus on their clinical relevance in humans or on threshold values

Navarro-Lafuente Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18: 10.3390/ijerph18126338

Golding, 2023 data not abstractable EXCLUDED: Authors provided Mean diff [95% CI], without n in each group for each outcome => cannot be transformed in OR. Definitions of the exposed and unexposed groups led to partial exposure of the 2 groups compared.

Golding Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1116683 10.3389/fphar.2023.1116683

Parker, 2016 data not abstractable EXCLUDED: Child cognition: Authors provided adjusted mean difference (95% CI), without raw data for each group (mean; SD; n) => cannot be transformed in OR. => Not extracted. Children’s behavioral and emotional problems available in Smith-Webb 2023.

Parker Neurotoxicol Teratol 2016; 57:54-59 10.1016/j.ntt.2016.06.007

Thompson, 2014 data not abstractable EXCLUDED: Authors provided Mean differences with 95% confidence intervals (CI), but the number of children in each groups not clearly provided => Available data cannot be transformed in OR. => Not extracted.

Thompson PLoS One 2014; 9:e108210 10.1371/journal.pone.0108210

Bertrand, 2015 data not abstractable EXCLUDED: Congress abstract without quantitative data ('No statistically significant associations were observed between acetaminophen use during pregnancy and ASQ scores').

Bertrand, K. Neurotoxicology and Teratology 2015; 49:137-. 10.1016/j.ntt.2015.04.117

Sudyk, 2025 data not abstractable EXCLUDED: Continuous data or unusable data ('Acetaminophen exposure was not associated with preterm birth (odds ratio 0.94; P>.05).').

Sudyk, R. Obstet. Gynecol. 2025; 145:1S-. 10.1097/AOG.0000000000005916.003

Nitsche, 2015 data not abstractable EXCLUDED: Fetal activity provided as continuous data or only descriptive ('There were no differences in the proportion of fetuses demonstrating breathing or movement... (data not shown)').

Nitsche Am J Perinatol 2015; 32:1277-80 10.1055/s-0035-1555126

Laue, 2019 data not abstractable EXCLUDED: Authors provided: generalized linear models with each WISC-IV subtest scaled score as the outcome and categorical acetaminophen exposure => not extractable. Definitions of the exposed and unexposed groups not mutually exclusives.

Laue Toxicol Sci 2019; 167:138-144 10.1093/toxsci/kfy222

Zhou, 2024 data not abstractable EXCLUDED: Data not extractable (artificial neural network models were developed (authors providing AUC and IQR)).

Zhou Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12: 10.3390/healthcare12070713

Woodbury b, 2024 data not abstractable EXCLUDED: Authors provided β estimates and 95% confidence interval, of the multivariable linear regression analyses => Available data cannot be transformed in OR. => Not extracted.

Woodbury Neurotoxicol Teratol 2024; 101:107319 10.1016/j.ntt.2024.107319

Brandlistuen, 2013 repeat population groups, duplicate reports (most recent study included) EXCLUDED: Overlapping (same outcomes and same dataset than Vlenterie 2016; Tronnes 2020 but with a sibling design. Adjusted betas for exposure > 28 days vs < 28 days.

Brandlistuen Int J Epidemiol 2013; 42:1702-13 10.1093/ije/dyt183

Parker, 2020 repeat population groups, duplicate reports (most recent study included) EXCLUDED: Data updated by Smith-Webb 2023, considering the same dataset and the same outcomes, assessing child at on older age, i.e childhood (ages 5–10) and adolescence (ages 11–17). Attention provided as a mean difference only => not extractable here.

Parker Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2020; 34:299-308 10.1111/ppe.12601

Cleves, 2004 repeat population groups, duplicate reports (most recent study included) EXCLUDED: Overlapping: Feldkamp 2010 (1997-2004; all individual malformations) and Cleves 2004 (1997-1998; mVSD) => Use of study with more cases and 1st Trimester exposure: Feldkamp 2010.

Cleves Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 2004; 70:107-13 10.1002/bdra.20005

Skovlund, 2017 repeat population groups, duplicate reports (most recent study included) EXCLUDED: Overlapping: same dataset and same outcome than in Tronnes 2020, with older children here => use of Tronnes 2020.

Skovlund Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2017; 26:625-634 10.1002/pds.4170

Mac Bird, 2009 repeat population groups, duplicate reports (most recent study included) EXCLUDED: Overlapping: Mac Bird 2009 (gastroschisis and omphalocele) totally included in Feldkamp 2010 with a more relevant exposure period (1st trimester rather during pregnancy) in Feldkamp 2010 => Use of Feldkamp 2010.

Mac Bird J Pediatr Surg 2009; 44:1546-51 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2008.10.109

Stoltenberg, 2020 same data already obtained by other studies EXCLUDED: Methodological study, using essentially the same data as Ystrom et al., 2017 (epidemiological study specifically on ADHD and prenatal paracetamol), without reject of Ystrom results => Use of Ystrom et al., 2017.

Stoltenberg Stat Methods Med Res 2020; 29:2783-2794 10.1177/0962280220904092

Golding, 2020 same data already obtained by other studies EXCLUDED: Overlapping: all data available in Ruisch 2018; Stergiakouli 2016 and Alemany 2021. Definitions of the exposed and unexposed groups led to partial exposure of the 2 groups compared.

Golding Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2020; 34:257-266 10.1111/ppe.12582

Weber, 2019 same data already obtained by other studies EXCLUDED: Overlapping: Feldkamp 2010 (1997-2004; all individual malformations; 10 study sites) and Weber 2019 (1997-2011; gastroschisis; only 1 study site) => Use of study with more cases and 1st Trimester exposure: Feldkamp 2010.

Weber Birth Defects Res 2019; 111:212-221 10.1002/bdr2.1441

Laue, 2022 same data already obtained by other studies EXCLUDED: Supplementary analysis of Laue 2019 data (which assess the association between acetaminophen exposure and QTAC/WISC-IV scores) to assess the influence of the microbiome.

Laue Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19: 10.3390/ijerph19159357

Liu, 2016 same data already obtained by other studies EXCLUDED: Overlapping between Liu 2016 and Rebordosa 2008 => Use of Rebordosa 2008 because more exposed pregnancy, results with longer follow up and better adjustment for confusion.

Liu Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2016; 25:188-95 10.1002/pds.3940

Cavero-Carbonell, 2017 Studies without separate analysis of the considered drug/class from other drugs/class EXCLUDED: Analysis of congenital anomalies according drugs as a whole or per drug group (all ATC class) without analysis by drug (for paracetamol: description of prescription and dispensation but no link with congenital anomalies).

Cavero-Carbonell An Pediatr (Barc) 2017; 87:135-142 10.1016/j.anpedi.2016.08.003

Heinonen, 1977 Studies without separate analysis of the considered drug/class from other drugs/class EXCLUDED: Analysis of analgesic and antipyretic drugs as a whole and some substances but not acetaminophen (SRR provided but no confidence interval).

Heinonen Littleton, Massachusetts: PSG Publishing, 1977:286-295.

Robson, 2019 Studies without separate analysis of the considered drug/class from other drugs/class EXCLUDED: Analysis of pain medication as a whole, without distinction between treatments (estimated to be paracetamol in 92-97% of cases based on Australian studies, but not assessed in this study).

Robson, S. Aust. New Zealand J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 2019; 59:13-. 10.1111/ajo.13067

Benevent, 2019 pattern of exposure EXCLUDED: methodology of a new cohort and the prevalence of the ten most frequently prescribed drugs (excluding vaccines), without data on fetal/maternal/neonatal safety.

Benevent Drug Saf 2019; 42:45-54 10.1007/s40264-018-0712-9

Laitala, 2022 efficacy rather than safety aims EXCLUDED: Efficacy aims ('maternal paracetamol for treatment of discomfort shortly before the delivery of extremely or very preterm infants may not have adverse effects on the fetus or the newborn') rather safety.

Laitala Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2022; 101:901-909 10.1111/aogs.14405

Mamatha, 2024 efficacy rather than safety aims EXCLUDED: This study will throw some light to the role of paracetamol as a labor analgesia, its effects on progression of labor and fetomaternal outcome => Obstetrical indication (intravenous acetaminophen) => mainly efficacy aims rather safety.

Mamatha, S. Res. J. Med. Sci. 2024; 18:73-. 10.36478/makrjms.2024.8.73.77