Diuretics (versus unexposed)

Table   Graphic  
individual studies
OutcomeTE95% CIn casesn exposedkPub. bias Congenital malformations All congenital malformations (majors, minors, majors and minors, or unspecified) Czeizel - Furosemide, 1999 Olesen_Denmark - Diuretics, 2001 Nakhai-Pour - Diuretics, 2010 Van Gelder - Diuretics, 2015 Van der Zande - Diuretics, 2024 51.55[1.10; 2.18]35,117271not evaluable Congenital heart defects Czeizel - Furosemide, 1999 Fisher - Diuretics (Controls unexposed, sick), 2017 Van der Zande - Diuretics, 2024 31.40[0.84; 2.32]4,617247not evaluable Major congenital malformations Czeizel - Furosemide, 1999 Nakhai-Pour - Diuretics, 2010 Van Gelder - Diuretics, 2015 Van der Zande - Diuretics, 2024 41.49[0.99; 2.25]32,875271not evaluable Atrial septal defect Fisher - Diuretics (Controls unexposed, sick), 2017 12.43[0.93; 6.37]-23not evaluable Hydrocephaly Czeizel - Furosemide, 1999 Fisher a - Diuretics, 2018 25.66[1.79; 17.90]75115not evaluable Hypospadias Czeizel - Furosemide, 1999 Van Zutphen - Diuretics, 2014 21.31[0.53; 3.23]5,16333not evaluable Pulmonary valve stenosis Fisher - Diuretics (Controls unexposed, sick), 2017 11.63[0.52; 5.13]--not evaluable Tetralogy of Fallot Fisher - Diuretics (Controls unexposed, sick), 2017 11.91[0.42; 8.73]-16not evaluable Ventricular septal defect Fisher - Diuretics (Controls unexposed, sick), 2017 12.00[0.37; 10.90]--not evaluable Ano-rectal atresia and stenosis Czeizel - Furosemide, 1999 15.96[0.35; 100.29]22015not evaluable Cleft lip with or without cleft palate Czeizel - Furosemide, 1999 11.90[0.23; 15.95]1,36816not evaluable Cleft palate Fisher a - Diuretics, 2018 11.90[0.60; 6.06]51-not evaluable Club foot / Talipes equinovarus Czeizel - Furosemide, 1999 12.20[0.50; 9.74]2,41917not evaluable Coarctation of aorta Caton - Diuretics, 2009 112.00[0.17; 824.43]4062not evaluable Ear malformations Czeizel - Furosemide, 1999 13.74[0.22; 62.84]35115not evaluable Ebstein's anomaly Caton - Diuretics, 2009 181.50[1.02; 6520.00]652not evaluable Limb reduction defects (LRD) Czeizel - Furosemide, 1999 14.40[0.59; 32.88]54516not evaluable Neural Tube Defects Medveczky - Hydrochlorothiazide, 2004 14.30[0.42; 43.94]1,2022not evaluable Oesophageal atresia with or without tracheo-oesophageal fistula Czeizel - Furosemide, 1999 122.80[5.18; 100.43]22917not evaluable Polydactyly Czeizel - Furosemide, 1999 11.70[0.21; 13.49]1,73016not evaluable Spina bifida Fisher a - Diuretics, 2018 11.70[0.38; 7.54]1,160-not evaluable Growth parameters and prematurity Small for gestational age (weight) Mabie - Hydrochlorothiazide, 1986 Nakhai-Pour - Diuretics, 2010 Su - Diuretics (Controls unexposed, sick), 2013 Fisher b - Diuretics (Controls unexposed, sick), 2018 Van der Zande - Diuretics, 2024 51.14[0.87; 1.48]8,384787not evaluable Low birth weight (< 2500g) Olesen_Denmark - Diuretics, 2001 Olesen_Scotland - Diuretics, 2001 Su - Diuretics (Controls unexposed, sick), 2013 Vaclavik - Diuretics, 2024 Van der Zande - Diuretics, 2024 51.85[1.11; 3.08]2,2641,162not evaluable Preterm (< 37 weeks) Olesen_Denmark - Diuretics, 2001 Olesen_Scotland - Diuretics, 2001 Su - Diuretics (Controls unexposed, sick), 2013 Vaclavik - Diuretics, 2024 Van der Zande - Diuretics, 2024 52.04[1.74; 2.40]5,4071,167not evaluable Macrosomia (> 4000g) Olesen_Denmark - Diuretics, 2001 Olesen_Scotland - Diuretics, 2001 21.05[0.80; 1.37]13,536388not evaluable Extremely preterm (< 28 weeks) Van der Zande - Diuretics, 2024 11.82[0.64; 5.18]35382not evaluable Very preterm (28 to 32 weeks) Van der Zande - Diuretics, 2024 12.34[1.40; 3.89]129382not evaluable Maternal consequences Caesarean Sibai - Diuretics, 1984 Van der Zande - Diuretics, 2024 Vaclavik - Diuretics, 2024 32.05[1.73; 2.42]2,687482not evaluable Preeclampsia Mabie - Hydrochlorothiazide, 1986 Van der Zande - Diuretics, 2024 20.44[0.15; 1.28]179201not evaluable Gestational diabetes Van der Zande - Diuretics, 2024 10.75[0.28; 2.05]152191not evaluable Postpartum hemorrhage Van der Zande - Diuretics, 2024 12.15[1.36; 3.41]170382not evaluable Neonatal disorders Low Apgar score (< 7) (at 5 min) Sibai - Diuretics, 1984 Van der Zande - Diuretics, 2024 21.75[1.25; 2.45]398392not evaluable Low Apgar score (< 7) (NOS) Vaclavik - Diuretics, 2024 11.02[0.67; 1.56]-24not evaluable Neonatal death (< 28 days of life) Van der Zande - Diuretics, 2024 11.94[0.68; 5.56]33382not evaluable Long term consequences Neuroblastoma Kramer - Diuretics, 1987 13.00[1.34; 6.72]86-not evaluable Cancer (all kind) in children or adults Orimoloye - Diuretics, 2024 11.16[0.77; 1.74]2,78020,696not evaluable Central Nervous System (CNS) tumors McCredie - Diuretics, 1994 10.50[0.08; 3.32]825not evaluable Intrauterine deaths Early intrauterine deaths (< 22 weeks) / Spontaneous abortions Leather - Bendrofluazide, 1968 Van der Zande - Diuretics, 2024 20.88[0.05; 15.98]215214not evaluable Perinatal death Leather - Bendrofluazide, 1968 Mabie - Hydrochlorothiazide, 1986 20.70[0.05; 9.72]333not evaluable Late intrauterine deaths (> 22 weeks) / Stillbirths Van der Zande - Diuretics, 2024 11.52[0.69; 3.34]72382not evaluable Therapeutic terminations of pregnancy Van der Zande - Diuretics, 2024 14.35[0.97; 19.41]15191not evaluable0.0100.01.0

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