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Chlordiazepoxide
Overall results
Study description
Excluded studies
Table
Graphic
auto
during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)
1st trimester
2nd trimester
3rd trimester
2nd and/or 3rd trimester
throughout pregnancy
early pregnancy
days before delivery
late pregnancy
preconception-only
periconceptional
preconceptional for kinetic reason
at least 1st trimester
3 months (or more) before pregnancy or during pregnancy
1st and 2nd trimester
3 months or more before pregnancy or1st trimester
Whatever the period exposition
individual studies
Outcome
TE
95% CI
n cases
n exposed
k
Pub. bias
Congenital malformations
All congenital malformations (majors, minors, majors and minors, or unspecified)
Hartz, 1975 Kullander, 1976 Bracken, 1981 Czeizel, 2004 Noh, 2022
5
1.18
[
0.82
; 1.70]
184,102
738
not evaluable
Major congenital malformations
Kullander, 1976 Bracken, 1981 Czeizel, 2004 Noh, 2022
4
1.47
[
1.14
; 1.89]
181,361
476
not evaluable
Congenital heart defects
Rothman, 1979 Czeizel, 2004 Noh, 2022
3
1.75
[
0.91
; 3.39]
88,453
389
not evaluable
Cleft lip with or without cleft palate
Czeizel, 1987 Czeizel, 2004
2
1.12
[
0.33
; 3.81]
1,999
6
not evaluable
Cleft palate
Czeizel, 1987 Czeizel, 2004
2
2.01
[
0.18
; 22.38]
776
3
not evaluable
Ano-rectal atresia and stenosis
Czeizel, 2004
1
3.00
[
0.11
; 81.44]
220
-
not evaluable
Club foot / Talipes equinovarus
Czeizel, 2004
1
1.00
[
0.30
; 3.37]
2,420
-
not evaluable
Ear malformations
Czeizel, 2004
1
0.60
[
0.07
; 4.95]
351
-
not evaluable
Hydrocephaly
Czeizel, 2004
1
3.00
[
0.11
; 81.44]
311
-
not evaluable
Hypospadias
Czeizel, 2004
1
2.20
[
0.71
; 6.81]
3,033
-
not evaluable
Limb reduction defects (LRD)
Czeizel, 2004
1
-
-
-
-
-
Minor congenital malformations
Kullander, 1976
1
0.55
[
0.22
; 1.36]
551
87
not evaluable
Neural Tube Defects
Czeizel, 2004
1
3.00
[
0.31
; 29.29]
1,192
-
not evaluable
Oesophageal atresia with or without tracheo-oesophageal fistula
Czeizel, 2004
1
7.00
[
0.38
; 128.84]
214
-
not evaluable
Polydactyly
Czeizel, 2004
1
1.20
[
0.29
; 4.95]
1,730
-
not evaluable
Growth parameters and prematurity
Preterm (< 37 weeks)
Meng a (Controls unexposed, sick), 2023
1
1.04
[
0.83
; 1.31]
224,428
934
not evaluable
Small for gestational age (weight)
Meng a (Controls unexposed, sick), 2023
1
1.22
[
0.99
; 1.50]
261,229
943
not evaluable
Intrauterine deaths
Late intrauterine deaths (> 22 weeks) / Stillbirths
Milkovich, 1974 Meng a (Controls unexposed, sick), 2023
2
1.12
[
0.65
; 1.90]
26,794
1,129
not evaluable
Early intrauterine deaths (< 22 weeks) / Spontaneous abortions
Milkovich, 1974 Sheehy, 2019
2
1.62
[
0.59
; 4.46]
27,200
193
not evaluable
0.0
100.0
1.0