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Methyldopa (versus unexposed)
Overall results
Study description
Excluded studies
Table
Graphic
auto
during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)
1st trimester
2nd trimester
3rd trimester
2nd and/or 3rd trimester
throughout pregnancy
early pregnancy
days before delivery
late pregnancy
preconception-only
periconceptional
preconceptional for kinetic reason
at least 1st trimester
3 months (or more) before pregnancy or during pregnancy
1st and 2nd trimester
3 months or more before pregnancy or1st trimester
Whatever the period exposition
individual studies
Outcome
TE
95% CI
n cases
n exposed
k
Pub. bias
Congenital malformations
All congenital malformations (majors, minors, majors and minors, or unspecified)
Hoeltzenbein, 2017 Ishikawa (Controls unexposed, sick), 2023
2
1.36
[
0.74
; 2.52]
101
339
not evaluable
Major congenital malformations
Hoeltzenbein, 2017 Ishikawa (Controls unexposed, sick), 2023
2
1.36
[
0.74
; 2.52]
101
339
not evaluable
Congenital heart defects
De Jonge, 2013 Fisher (Controls unexposed, sick), 2017
2
1.12
[
0.73
; 1.72]
873
151
not evaluable
Atrial septal defect
Fisher (Controls unexposed, sick), 2017
1
1.18
[
0.61
; 2.27]
-
59
not evaluable
Coarctation of aorta
Fisher (Controls unexposed, sick), 2017
1
1.26
[
0.50
; 3.18]
-
48
not evaluable
Pulmonary valve stenosis
Fisher (Controls unexposed, sick), 2017
1
1.16
[
0.54
; 2.49]
-
2
not evaluable
Tetralogy of Fallot
Fisher (Controls unexposed, sick), 2017
1
0.79
[
0.24
; 2.64]
-
46
not evaluable
Transposition of the great vessels
Fisher (Controls unexposed, sick), 2017
1
1.16
[
0.28
; 4.83]
-
45
not evaluable
Ventricular septal defect
Fisher (Controls unexposed, sick), 2017
1
1.21
[
0.46
; 3.21]
-
-
not evaluable
Chromosomal abnormalities
Hoeltzenbein, 2017
1
1.96
[
0.12
; 31.52]
2
246
not evaluable
Digestive system anomalies
De Jonge, 2013
1
4.66
[
1.54
; 14.08]
362
55
not evaluable
Ebstein's anomaly
Fisher (Controls unexposed, sick), 2017
1
4.01
[
0.88
; 18.28]
-
45
not evaluable
Genital anomalies
De Jonge, 2013
1
5.37
[
1.78
; 16.21]
314
55
not evaluable
Hypospadias
Van Zutphen, 2014
1
1.48
[
0.75
; 2.92]
2,131
42
not evaluable
Limb defects
De Jonge, 2013
1
1.54
[
0.09
; 24.97]
184
52
not evaluable
Nervous system anomalies
De Jonge, 2013
1
1.36
[
0.08
; 22.08]
208
52
not evaluable
Neural Tube Defects
Medveczky, 2004
1
0.52
[
0.03
; 8.50]
1,202
31
not evaluable
Oro-facial clefts
De Jonge, 2013
1
0.96
[
0.06
; 15.62]
294
52
not evaluable
Growth parameters and prematurity
Small for gestational age (weight)
Welt, 1981 Mabie, 1986 Orbach, 2013 Kayser, 2020 Al Khalaf (Controls unexposed, sick), 2022
5
1.36
[
0.87
; 2.13]
2,143
2,499
not evaluable
Preterm (< 37 weeks)
Orbach, 2013 Kayser, 2020 Al Khalaf (Controls unexposed, sick), 2022 Vaclavik, 2024
4
2.28
[
1.71
; 3.03]
8,983
3,748
not evaluable
Low birth weight (< 2500g)
Orbach, 2013 Vaclavik, 2024
2
2.53
[
1.19
; 5.40]
10,085
1,383
not evaluable
Very preterm (28 to 32 weeks)
Al Khalaf (Controls unexposed, sick), 2022
1
2.26
[
1.77
; 2.88]
303
1,760
not evaluable
Maternal consequences
Preeclampsia
Mabie, 1986 Weitz, 1987 Orbach, 2013 Al Khalaf (Controls unexposed, sick), 2022
4
2.46
[
0.57
; 10.50]
2,348
2,359
not evaluable
Caesarean
Fidler, 1983 Vaclavik, 2024
2
2.11
[
2.03
; 2.20]
31
4,029
not evaluable
Abruptio placentae (retroplacental hematoma)
Hoeltzenbein, 2017
1
8.12
[
0.90
; 73.05]
5
239
not evaluable
Gestational diabetes
Hoeltzenbein, 2017
1
2.23
[
1.36
; 3.63]
76
191
not evaluable
Neonatal disorders
Low Apgar score (< 7) (at 5 min)
Fidler, 1983 Sibai, 1990 Orbach, 2013
3
1.27
[
0.35
; 4.60]
1,046
477
not evaluable
Neonatal bradycardia
Fidler, 1983 Kayser, 2020
2
1.55
[
0.55
; 4.36]
54
248
not evaluable
Neonatal disorders (as a whole)
Chan, 2010 Kayser, 2020
2
1.61
[
0.97
; 2.70]
73
224
not evaluable
Fetal distress
Chan, 2010
1
1.14
[
0.29
; 4.52]
10
25
not evaluable
Jaundice / Icterus
Chan, 2010
1
1.85
[
0.48
; 7.16]
10
25
not evaluable
Low Apgar score (< 7) (at 1 min)
Orbach, 2013
1
1.95
[
1.40
; 2.71]
5,833
340
not evaluable
Low Apgar score (< 7) (NOS)
Vaclavik, 2024
1
1.36
[
1.29
; 1.44]
-
1,382
not evaluable
Neonatal death (< 28 days of life)
Redman, 1976
1
0.34
[
0.01
; 8.36]
1
100
not evaluable
Neonatal hypoglycemia
Kayser, 2020
1
0.68
[
0.19
; 2.40]
16
199
not evaluable
Neonatal medical care
Kayser, 2020
1
1.52
[
0.81
; 2.83]
48
199
not evaluable
Very low Apgar score (< 5) (at 1 min)
Sibai, 1990
1
0.62
[
0.19
; 1.97]
13
88
not evaluable
Intrauterine deaths
Late intrauterine deaths (> 22 weeks) / Stillbirths
Redman, 1976 Fidler, 1983 Kayser, 2020 Al Khalaf (Controls unexposed, sick), 2022
4
0.97
[
0.58
; 1.62]
90
2,324
not evaluable
Early intrauterine deaths (< 22 weeks) / Spontaneous abortions
Leather, 1968 Redman, 1976 Fidler, 1983 Hoeltzenbein, 2017
4
0.74
[
0.16
; 3.55]
60
435
not evaluable
Perinatal death
Leather, 1968 Mabie, 1986 Weitz, 1987 Orbach, 2013
4
1.79
[
0.95
; 3.37]
1,392
430
not evaluable
Elective/induced termination of pregnancy
Hoeltzenbein, 2017
1
0.35
[
0.08
; 1.44]
22
261
not evaluable
Intrauterine deaths (as a whole or unspecified)
Weitz, 1987
1
0.10
[
0.00
; 2.13]
3
13
not evaluable
Neuro-developmental disorders
Cognitive developmental disorders/delay (3-6 years old)
Chan, 2010
1
2.75
[
1.10
; 6.87]
-
25
not evaluable
Language disorders/delay
Chan, 2010
1
1.27
[
0.52
; 3.12]
-
25
not evaluable
0.0
100.0
1.0
