Diuretics (versus unexposed)

Study	Type of data	Exposure measurement	Outcome assessment	Adjustment
Caton - Diuretics, 2009	case control	Data were collected via a computer-assisted telephone interview of infant's mothers within 24 months of the expected delivery date. Interviewers asked detailed questions about the diagnosis, timing, and treatment of high blood pressure.	Case infants were identified from the population-based birth defects surveillance systems of the participating centers. Control infants were randomly selected from birth certificates or hospital discharge listings in the same geographic areas as the cases.	ORs were adjusted for study center, maternal age at delivery, prepregnancy body mass index, and gestational diabetes.
Czeizel - Furosemide, 1999	case control	Exposure data collected from 3 sources: a post-paid structured questionnaire sent to the parents requesting drugs taken during pregnancy, according to gestational months; maternal prenatal care logbook (in which obstetricians must record all prescribed drugs); nurses visited non-responding families.	The Hungarian Congenital Abnormality Registry (HCAR), in which notification by physicians of cases with Congenital anomalies is mandatory (including infant deaths and usual stillborn fetuses). Controls were selected from the National Birth Registry of the Central Statistical Office.	Controls matched according to gender, birth week and district of parents’ residence. Maternal age did not show significant differences between the case and control groups. Adjusted for confounding factors (such as birth order and maternal disorders (no other details)).
Fisher - Diuretics (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2017	case control	Trained interviewers collected data via telephone interviews between 6 weeks and 24 months after the estimated delivery date. The interview included notably questions on medication use during the three months before pregnancy until delivery.	Case infants were identified from the population-based birth defects surveillance systems of the participating centers. Control infants were randomly selected from birth certificates or hospital discharge listings in the same geographic areas as the cases. (According to Caton 2009)	For 5 and more exposed cases: adjusted for maternal race/ethnicity, body mass index, age, early pregnancy smoking, and study site. Otherwise, not adjusted. Exclusion of mothers who reported preexisting type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus, and mothers with a multiple birth. Cases with a known pathogenesis (eg, recognized single gene disorder or chromosomal abnormality) were excluded.
Fisher - Diuretics (Controls unexposed, sick), 2017	case control	Trained interviewers collected data via telephone interviews between 6 weeks and 24 months after the estimated delivery date. The interview included notably questions on medication use during the three months before pregnancy until delivery.	Case infants were identified from the population-based birth defects surveillance systems of the participating centers. Control infants were randomly selected from birth certificates or hospital discharge listings in the same geographic areas as the cases. (According to Caton 2009)	For 5 and more exposed cases: adjusted for maternal race/ethnicity, body mass index, age, early pregnancy smoking, and study site. Otherwise, not adjusted. Exclusion of mothers who reported preexisting type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus, and mothers with a multiple birth. Cases with a known pathogenesis (eg, recognized single gene disorder or chromosomal abnormality) were excluded.
Fisher a - Diuretics, 2018	case control	Exposure information was collected via maternal self-report during a computer-assisted telephone interview administered between 6 weeks and 24 months after her estimated delivery date. Trained interviewers asked about medication use during the 3 months before pregnancy until delivery.	Data were abstracted from medical record, birth certificates or hospital discharge records.	For case groups with at least 5 exposed cases, estimates are adjusted for maternal age, race/ethnicity, body mass index, parity, pregestational type 1 or type 2 diabetes, and study site.
Fisher b - Diuretics (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2018	retrospective cohort	Trained interviewers collected data via telephone interview within 24 months of the infant’s birth. The interview included questions on medication use during the 3 months before pregnancy until delivery.	Infant sex and gestational age were obtained from the infant’s birth record.	No adjustment for this group of exposure. Singletons only. Exclusion of mothers who reported preexisting diabetes.
Fisher b - Diuretics (Controls unexposed, sick), 2018	retrospective cohort	Trained interviewers collected data via telephone interview within 24 months of the infant’s birth. The interview included questions on medication use during the 3 months before pregnancy until delivery.	Infant sex and gestational age were obtained from the infant’s birth record.	No adjustment for this group of comparison. Exclusion of mothers who reported preexisting diabetes.
Kramer - Diuretics, 1987	case control	Interviews, conducted over the telephone by trained interviewers, were identical for cases and controls. The mother was questioned about exposure to medical treatments and other exposures, during each pregnancy.	Interviews, conducted over the telephone by trained interviewers, were identical for cases and controls. The mother was questioned about major health problem experienced by each of her children.	No adjustment. Sibling control group (matching on genetic background).
Leather - Bendrofluazide, 1968	randomized controlled trial	On entry to the trial patients were allocated at random to control or treatment groups.	The clinical management in control and treated groups was the same. The patients were cared for by the obstetricians and given bed-rest and sedation as required. The decision to terminate pregnancy was taken by the obstetricians.	No adjustment. Randomisation. Exclusion of twin pregnancies.
Mabie - Hydrochlorothiazide, 1986	prospective cohort	Not specified (study conducted in a department of obstetrics and gynecology but the source of exposure data, not clearly specified).	Not specified (study conducted in a department of obstetrics and gynecology but the source of outcome data, not clearly specified).	None.
McCredie - Diuretics, 1994	case control	The biological mothers were interviewed in their homes by one of 3 trained interviewers. Using the standard SEARCH questionnaire, medication (a previously postulated risk factors for brain cancer) was sought. Reported medications were not validated through medical records or attending doctors.	All cases of primary malignant tumour of the brain (ICD-9 191) or cranial nerves (ICD-9 192.0) reported to the New South Wales Central Cancer Registry. No details for controls.	Children matched by age and sex. Adjusted for father's educational level (chosen rather than occupation as a measure of social class, since it was comparable across centres, in anticipation of later pooled analyses).
Medveczky - Hydrochlorothiazide, 2004	case control	Exposure data collected from 3 sources: a post-paid structured questionnaire sent to the parents requesting drugs taken during pregnancy, according to gestational months; maternal prenatal care logbook (in which obstetricians must record all prescribed drugs); nurses visited non-responding families.	The Hungarian Congenital Abnormality Registry (HCAR), in which notification by physicians of cases with Congenital anomalies is mandatory (including infant deaths and usual stillborn fetuses). Controls were selected from the National Birth Registry of the Central Statistical Office.	Controls matched according to sex, birth week, and district of parents' residence. Multivariable unconditional logistic regression model for maternal age, birth order, and employment status.
Nakhai-Pour - Diuretics, 2010	nested case control	The Régie de l’Assurance Maladie du Québec (RAMQ) provides prospectively collected data on filled prescriptions.	The three administrative databases provided data on physician-based diagnosis (according to ICD-9), physician and emergency department visits and admissions, procedures and hospitalizations, health care providers, birth weight and gestational age for live births and stillbirths.	No adjustment for this group of exposure. Singleton only. Exclusion of pregnant women who were exposed to known teratogens.
Olesen_Denmark - Diuretics, 2001	retrospective cohort (claims database)	The Northern Jutland Prescription Database (NJPD) that provided data concerning purchased prescription drugs for the Danish study was used to identify all prescription drugs for diuretics (ATC C03) during pregnancy.	Information on birth weight, gestational age, malformations was obtained from the Danish Birth Registry and the Danish Hospital Discharge Registry.	Adjusted for the mother's smoking during pregnancy, maternal age, cohabitation status, and gender of the child. The analyses regarding birth weight and length at birth were also adjusted for gestational age. Singleton pregnancies only.
Olesen_Scotland - Diuretics, 2001	retrospective cohort (claims database)	The Medicines Monitoring Unit's Database (MEMO) that contains information on dispensed prescriptions for all drugs was used to identify all prescriptions for diuretics (ATC C03) used by pregnant women.	Information on birth weight, gestational age, malformations was obtained from the Scottish Tayside Neonatal Database.	Adjusted for the maternal age, Carstairs scores, and gender of the child. The analyses regarding birth weight and length at birth were also adjusted for gestational age. Singleton pregnancies only.
Orimoloye - Diuretics, 2024	nested case control	The National Health Insurance Database holds information on every prescription filled at a pharmacy in Taiwan.	The National Health Insurance Database and Cancer Registry get the records of children with cancer diagnosed before 13 years.	Adjusted for parity, preeclampsia/eclampsia in the index pregnancy, family income, infection in pregnancy, and hyperthyroidism. Smoking and alcohol use, diabetes, and gestational diabetes were considered but were out of the final models because the effect estimates did not change after inclusion.
Schwartzbaum - Diuretics, 1992	case control	Shortly after diagnosis, mothers of patients were contacted to be interviewed. Each mother who was interviewed was questioned for approximately 1 hour by a trained interviewer using a standardized questionnaire, containing notably questions about prenatal maternal drug.	Database of the St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, a tertiary care childhood cancer hospital. All diagnoses were histologically confirmed.	Adjusted for age of child at diagnosis, sex, race, maternal age, birth order, birth weight, year of birth, residence (urban/rural), mother college graduate, father professional, X-ray exposure, maternal miscarriages or stillbirths, previous pregnancy, smoking, alcohol and other medications, using change-in-estimate criteria.
Sibai - Diuretics, 1984	randomized controlled trial	Each patient was randomly assigned to one of two groups.	Fetal evaluation included serial ultrasonography and antepartum fetal heart rate monitoring (no other details).	No adjustment. Randomisation.
Sorensen - Diuretics, 2003	nested case control	Treatment with diuretics and other drugs was recorded by trimester on the basis of a face-to-face interview a few days after the women had given birth.	Schizophrenia identified on the basis of Danish Psychiatric Central Register records of hospitalizations with a diagnosis of schizophrenia (ICD-8 code 295) before 1994.	Adjusted for maternal schizophrenia, parental social status, mother’s age, hypertension during pregnancy and prenatal exposure to barbiturates (the variables of parental social status and mother’s age were entered as continuous variables).
Su - Diuretics (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2013	population based cohort retrospective	Data on anti-hypertensive drugs use come from the National Health Insurance Research Dataset (NHIRD), which consisted of all claims data during pregnancy.	The birth certificate registry, obtained from the Department of Health in Taiwan, that contains birthdates, as well as details on gestational weeks at birth and birth weight.	No adjustment for this group of comparison. Singletons only.
Su - Diuretics (Controls unexposed, sick), 2013	population based cohort retrospective	Data on anti-hypertensive drugs use come from the National Health Insurance Research Dataset (NHIRD), which consisted of all claims data during pregnancy.	The birth certificate registry, obtained from the Department of Health in Taiwan, that contains birthdates, as well as details on gestational weeks at birth and birth weight.	Adjusted for the mother’s parity, maternal age, education level, diabetes, anemia, coronary heart disease, and hyperlipidemia. Singletons only.
Vaclavik - Diuretics, 2024	population based cohort retrospective	The National Registry of Reimbursable Health Services (NRHZS).	Nationwide data on all births and abortions in the Czech Republic were obtained from the National Registry of Reproductive Health (NRRZ).	None.
Van der Zande - Diuretics, 2024	prospective cohort	From January 2008, patients were included prospectively. The following data relating directly to the pregnancy were collected: medication use (no other details).	Obstetric and perinatal complications, pregnancy duration, and mode of delivery were collected within participating hospitals: gender, birth weight, and Apgar score after birth, and information on additional events and complications as well as neonatal outcome was collected 6 months after pregnancy.	For SGA: maternal age, body mass index, low-or-middle-income country, twin pregnancy and smoking and maternal cardiac diagnosis. For foetal or neonatal congenital anomalies: maternal age, twin pregnancy, smoking, diabetes mellitus and maternal cardiac diagnosis. Other outcomes: no adjustment.
Van Gelder - Diuretics, 2015	case control	Within 6 months after delivery, trained research nurses interviewed the mothers of case and control infants by telephone, in English or Spanish, about details of medication use in the 2 months before pregnancy until the end of pregnancy.	Cases and controls identified through birth defects registries (Massachusetts and parts of New York State) or from participating hospitals in the areas surrounding Boston (MA), Philadelphia (PA), San Diego (CA), and Toronto (Canada).	No adjustment. Exclusion of multiple births. Sensitivity analysis excluding infants who had a first-degree relative with the birth defects of interest.
Van Zutphen - Diuretics, 2014	case control	Antihypertensive medication use were collected by trained interviewers who conducted maternal telephone interviews within 24 months of delivery.	Data were abstracted from medical record, birth certificates or hospital discharge records. To confirm cases, clinical geneticists reviewed data, including consultations (urology, endocrinology, and genetic), reports (operative, pathology, and autopsy), and radiographic results.	Adjusted for site, maternal age, race and ethnicity, parity, fertility treatment, prepregnancy diabetes, gestational diabetes, and multiple birth.

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