Liraglutide

Study	Type of data	Exposure measurement	Outcome assessment	Adjustment
Broe (Controls unexposed, general pop), 2025	population based cohort retrospective	Exposure was determined using the Prescription register that contains individual-level prescription data from all Danish outpatient pharmacies.	Malformations were identified using infant records from three Danish health registries: The Birth register, the Patient register, and the Cause of Death Register during the first year of life.	Singleton only. Multivariable model including calendar year, maternal age at delivery, body mass index (BMI), smoking status, parity, and concurrent exposure to known teratogenic drugs during the first trimester.
Broe (Controls unexposed, sick), 2025	population based cohort retrospective	Exposure was determined using the Prescription register that contains individual-level prescription data from all Danish outpatient pharmacies.	Malformations were identified using infant records from three Danish health registries: The Birth register, the Patient register, and the Cause of Death Register during the first year of life.	Singleton only. Multivariable model including calendar year, maternal age at delivery, body mass index (BMI), smoking status, parity, and concurrent exposure to known teratogenic drugs during the first trimester.
Maya, 2025	retrospective cohort	Maternal medications were obtained in the electronic health record (EHR) from the Mass General Brigham Enterprise Data Warehouse and the Mass General Brigham Research. The exposed and unexposed classifications were validated through manual medical record review of a subset of exposed participants.	Maternal anthropometric and delivery data were obtained from the Mass General Brigham Enterprise Data Warehouse; additional maternal diagnostics were obtained from the Mass General Brigham Research. Prepregnancy weight was self-reported and documented in the electronic health record (EHR).	Singleton only. Propensity score (and/or adjusted): body mass index, maternal age, parity, race and ethnicity, insurance type, preexisting diabetes (except for gestational diabetes analysis because this group was excluded), preexisting chronic hypertension (except for hypertensive disorders of pregnancy analysis because this group was excluded), year of delivery, and delivery location.
Westergaard, 2025	population based cohort retrospective	Lliraglutide or semaglutide prescription (no other details).	Not specified.	Propensity scoring was done using fast generalized full matching, including age, BMI, smoking, parish, education, pre-existing diabetes, parity, year, and month as possible confounders.

master protocol