| Study | Country Study period |
Population source | Exposure definition | Non-exposure definition | Sample size | Rmk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ankarfeldt - Duloxetine (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2023 |
Sweden and Denmark 2004 - 2016 |
All pregnancies with a registered live birth from 2004 to 2016, identified via the national Danish and Swedish medical birth registers. | Pregnant women with at least one redeemed prescription of duloxetine (ATC: N06AX21) from a community pharmacy during pregnancy (early exposure and/or late exposure) (and no SSRI or venlafaxine comedication). |
unexposed (general population or NOS)
Pregnant women with not exposed to duloxetine during pregnancy and from 90 days prior to last menstrual period. |
1589 / 2080880 | 1589 and 450 were duloxetine exposed in early and late pregnancies, respectively. Few overlapping between Reis 2010 (1995 - 2007) and Ankarfeldt 2023 (2004 - 2016) => the 2 studies were kept. |
| Ankarfeldt - Duloxetine (Controls unexposed, sick), 2023 |
Sweden and Denmark 2004 - 2016 |
All pregnancies with a registered live birth from 2004 to 2016, identified via the national Danish and Swedish medical birth registers. | Pregnant women with at least one redeemed prescription of duloxetine (ATC: N06AX21) from a community pharmacy during pregnancy (early exposure and/or late exposure) (and no SSRI or venlafaxine comedication). |
unexposed, sick
Pregnant women who have discontinued duloxetine, i.e with at least one redeemed prescription of duloxetine between 365 days prior to LMP, but not during the exposure-time window. |
1589 / 2839 | 1589 and 450 were duloxetine exposed in early and late pregnancies, respectively. Few overlapping between Reis 2010 (1995 - 2007) and Ankarfeldt 2023 (2004 - 2016) => the 2 studies were kept. |
| Ankarfeldt a - Duloxetine (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2021 |
Sweden and Denmark 2004 - 2016 |
All live and stillbirths of women with a valid personal identification number aged 18 and above, during the study period. | At least one redeemed prescription of duloxetine from Last menstrual period (LMP) to 90 days after LMP for malformations or to the end of pregnancy (for stillbirth). |
unexposed (general population or NOS)
No redeemed prescription of duloxetine in the exposure time window (women with duloxetine exposure from 90 days prior to LMP but no exposure from LMP to 90 days after LMP were excluded). |
1512 / 2074652 | Cohort for stillbirths: 1668 exposed; 2130495 unexposed. Overlapping: For malformations: 3 studies kept from Sweden: Ankarfeld : Duloxetine (Sweden/Denmark: 2004 - 2016; Furu 2015 (Venlafaxine 2006-2010 with other countries) and Reis 2010 (1995 - 2007). |
| Ankarfeldt a - Duloxetine (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021 |
Sweden and Denmark 2004 - 2016 |
All live and stillbirths of women with a valid personal identification number aged 18 and above, during the study period. | At least one redeemed prescription of duloxetine from Last menstrual period (LMP) to 90 days after LMP for malformations or to the end of pregnancy (for stillbirth). |
unexposed, sick
Duloxetine discontinuers: at least one redeemed prescription of duloxetine between 365 days prior to LMP to LMP and not during pregnancy. |
1512 / 2876 | For malformations: 3 studies kept from Sweden: Ankarfeld : Duloxetine (Sweden/Denmark: 2004 - 2016; Furu 2015 (Venlafaxine 2006-2010 with other countries) and Reis 2010 (1995 - 2007). Cohort for stillbirths: 1668 exposed; 2815 discontinuers. |
| Ankarfeldt b - Duloxetine (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2021 |
Denmark 2004 - 2016 |
All pregnancies in Denmark with a hospital contact encounter during the study period were eligible. | At least one redeemed prescription of duloxetine from 30 days prior to last menstrual period (LMP) to 140 days post LMP, or the end of the pregnancy, whichever came first. |
unexposed (general population or NOS)
Duloxetine non-exposed: no redeemed prescriptions of duloxetine in the exposure time window. |
1212 / 1018745 | Overlapping: partial overlapping between Ankarfeldt 2021b (2004 - 2016) and Kjaersgaard 2013 (1997 - 2008). Because the 2 study periods are longer than the common period, the 2 studies were kept. |
| Ankarfeldt b - Duloxetine (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021 |
Denmark 2004 - 2016 |
All pregnancies in Denmark with a hospital contact encounter during the study period were eligible. | At least one redeemed prescription of duloxetine from 30 days prior to last menstrual period (LMP) to 140 days post LMP, or the end of the pregnancy, whichever came first. |
unexposed, sick
Duloxetine discontinuers: at least one redeemed prescription of duloxetine between 365 days prior to LMP to 30 days prior to LMP, but no redeemed prescription of duloxetine in the exposure time window. |
1212 / 1418 | Overlapping: partial overlapping between Ankarfeldt 2021b (2004 - 2016) and Kjaersgaard 2013 (1997 - 2008). Because the 2 study periods are longer than the common period, the 2 studies were kept. |
| Avalos - SNRI (Controls exposed to TCA), 2015 |
USA 2010 - 2012 |
Women who were screened for depression in early pregnancy, had a depression diagnosis or were taking antidepressant medications during pregnancy. | Pregnant women with at least one dispensing of serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) only between the first day of the woman's last menstrual period (LMP) and 20 completed weeks of gestation. (This is a subgroup of exposure among the whole exposed group considered in the study). |
exposed to other treatment, sick
Pregnant women with at least one pharmacy dispensing of tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) only between the first day of the woman's last menstrual period (LMP) and 20 completed weeks of gestation. (This is a subgroup of exposure among the whole exposed group considered in the study). |
72 / 116 | Results of SNRI only reported rather than 'SNRI/SNRI plus other antidepressant'. |
| Avalos - SNRI (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2015 |
USA 2010 - 2012 |
Women who were screened for depression in early pregnancy, had a depression diagnosis or were taking antidepressant medications during pregnancy. | Pregnant women with at least one dispensing of Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) only between the first day of the woman's last menstrual period (LMP) and 20 completed weeks of gestation. (This is a subgroup of exposure among the whole exposed group considered in the study). |
unexposed, disease free
Pregnant women without depression. |
72 / 16402 | Results of SNRI only reported rather than 'SNRI/SNRI plus other antidepressant'. |
| Avalos - SNRI (Controls unexposed, sick), 2015 |
USA 2010 - 2012 |
Women who were screened for depression in early pregnancy, had a depression diagnosis or were taking antidepressant medications during pregnancy. | Pregnant women with at least one dispensing of Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) only between the first day of the woman's last menstrual period (LMP) and 20 completed weeks of gestation. (This is a subgroup of exposure among the whole exposed group considered in the study). |
unexposed, sick
Pregnant women with untreated depression (diagnosed between 6 months prior to the woman's last menstrual period (LMP) and 20 completed weeks of gestation). |
72 / 1345 | Results of SNRI only reported rather than 'SNRI/SNRI plus other antidepressant'. |
| Bahat - Duloxetine, 2020 |
Israel 2001 - 2015 |
Pregnancies of women, who consulted the Israeli Teratology Information Service (TIS) during the study period. | Pregnant women counseled for duloxetine exposure in the first trimester. |
unexposed (general population or NOS)
Pregnant women counseled for non-teratogenic exposure in pregnancy. |
128 / 511 | Major congenital anomalies excluding genetic or cytogenetic not reported because number of cases, exposures and exclusions not provided. |
| Benevent - SNRI, 2023 |
France 2004 - 2019 |
Pregnancies covered by the general health insurance scheme during the study period, in Haute-Garonne. | Pregnant women with at least one redeemed prescription of serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) monotherapy at least during the first trimester of pregnancy. |
unexposed (general population or NOS)
Pregnant women without redeemed prescription of antidepressants 3 months before and during pregnancy. |
210 / 141865 | Publication of Benevent 2023 (preeclampsia) completed with data of the unpublished report of Araujo 2022. Exclusion of receipt of both SSRIs and SNRIs 3 months before and during pregnancy. Results versus SSRIs not reported => inadequate control group. |
| Bérard a - Venlafaxine, 2017 |
Canada 1998 - 2010 |
All pregnancies with continuous prescription drug insurance coverage of at least 12 months before and during pregnancy, and resulting in a singleton live birth, during the study period in the province of Quebec. | Women that had filled at least one prescription for Venlafaxine during the time window of interest (between week 21 and date of birth). (This is a subgroup of exposure among the whole exposed group considered in the study). |
unexposed (general population or NOS)
Women that did not have filled prescription for antidepressant during the time window of of interest (between week 21 and date of birth). |
419 / 141097 | SNRI (venlafaxine). Duloxetine and desvenlafaxine were not included in the SNRI category as they were not on the list of medications reimbursed in Quebec during the calendar years of the study; |
| Bérard b - SNRI=Venlafaxine (Controls exposed to TCA), 2017 |
Canada 1998 - 2009 |
Pregnancies ending with a live-born singleton with continuous prescription drug insurance coverage of at least 12 months before the 1DLMP and during pregnancy; pregnancies with a diagnosis of depression and/or anxiety or exposed to antidepressants in the 12 months before pregnancy. | Depressed/anxious pregnancies with prescription fillings for Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) (venlafaxine only) dispensed during the first trimester of gestation. (This is a subgroup of exposure among the whole exposed group considered in the study). |
exposed to other treatment, sick
Depressed/anxious pregnancies with prescription fillings for Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) dispensed during the first trimester of gestation. |
738 / 382 | Overlapping: results of Ramos 2008 (1998-2002) are included in this larger study. |
| Bérard b - SNRI=Venlafaxine (Controls unexposed, sick), 2017 |
Canada 1998 - 2009 |
Pregnancies ending with a live-born singleton with continuous prescription drug insurance coverage of at least 12 months before the 1DLMP and during pregnancy; pregnancies with a diagnosis of depression and/or anxiety or exposed to antidepressants in the 12 months before pregnancy. | Depressed/anxious pregnancies with prescription fillings for Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) (venlafaxine only) dispensed during the first trimester of gestation. (This is a subgroup of exposure among the whole exposed group considered in the study). |
unexposed, sick
Pregnancies with a diagnosis or were treated with antidepressants in the year before their pregnancy but with no exposure to antidepressants during the first trimester of gestation. |
738 / 14847 | Overlapping: results of Ramos 2008 (1998-2002) are included in this larger study. |
| Bernard - SNRI, 2019 |
Canada 2005 - 2010 |
Pregnant women aged 18 years or older without chronic hepatic or renal disease recruited during their first prenatal visit. | Pregnant women exposed to Serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRI) before the 16th week of pregnancy. |
unexposed, disease free
Pregnant women not exposed to the antidepressant/anxiolytic medication, depression or anxiety. |
65 / 6502 | |
| Boukhris - SNRI (Controls exposed to TCA), 2016 |
Canada 1998 - 2009 |
All full-term (≥37 weeks’ gestation) singleton infants born during the study period and whose mothers were covered by the RAMQ drug plan for at least 12 months before and during pregnancy. | Infants whose mother having at least 1 prescription of Serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRIs) filled at any time during pregnancy or before pregnancy that overlapped the first day of gestation. (This is a subgroup of exposure among the whole exposed group considered in the study). |
exposed to other treatment, sick
Infants whose mother having at least 1 prescription of Tricyclic antidepressants filled at any time during pregnancy or before pregnancy that overlapped the first day of gestation. (This is a subgroup of exposure among the whole exposed group considered in the study). |
447 / 229 | 'Exposure to a single class was defined as the filling of prescriptions for only 1 AD class in the time window of interest.' |
| Boukhris - SNRI (Controls exposed to TCA) , 2017 |
Canada 1998 - 2009 |
All full-term (≥37 weeks of gestation) singletons born alive during the study period in the province of Quebec and whose mothers were covered by the RAMQ drug plan for at least 12 months before and during pregnancy. | Having at least one prescription filled of Serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) during the 2nd/3rd trimesters of pregnancy. (This is a subgroup of exposure among the whole exposed group considered). |
exposed to other treatment, sick
Having at least one prescription filled of tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) during the 2nd/3rd trimesters of pregnancy. (This is a subgroup of exposure among the whole exposed group considered). |
445 / 227 | ‘Single class exposure was defined as the filling of prescriptions for only one antidepressant class in the time window of interest.' |
| Boukhris - SNRI (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2016 |
Canada 1998 - 2009 |
All full-term (≥37 weeks’ gestation) singleton infants born during the study period and whose mothers were covered by the RAMQ drug plan for at least 12 months before and during pregnancy. | Infants whose mother having at least 1 prescription of Serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRIs) filled at any time during pregnancy or before pregnancy that overlapped the first day of gestation. (This is a subgroup of exposure among the whole exposed group considered in the study). |
unexposed (general population or NOS)
Infants who were not exposed in utero to antidepressants. |
447 / 142924 | 'Exposure to a single class was defined as the filling of prescriptions for only 1 antidepressant class in the time window of interest.' |
| Boukhris - SNRI (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2017 |
Canada 1998 - 2009 |
All full-term (≥37 weeks of gestation) singletons born alive during the study period in the province of Quebec and whose mothers were covered by the RAMQ drug plan for at least 12 months before and during pregnancy. | Having at least one prescription filled of Serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) during the 2nd/3rd trimesters of pregnancy. (This is a subgroup of exposure among the whole exposed group considered). |
unexposed (general population or NOS)
Infants who were not exposed in utero to any antidepressants during the 2nd/3rd trimesters of pregnancy. |
445 / 141905 | ‘Single class exposure was defined as the filling of prescriptions for only one antidepressant class in the time window of interest.' |
| Calderon-Margalit - Venlafaxine, 2009 |
USA 1996 - nr |
Pregnant mothers who initiated prenatal care before 20 weeks’ gestation and planned to deliver at either one of the two study hospitals. | Pregnant women who used Venlafaxine during pregnancy. (This is a subgroup of exposure among the whole exposed group considered in the study). |
unexposed (general population or NOS)
Pregnant women who did not use psychotropic medications during pregnancy. |
9 / 2493 | Of the women who were taking psychotropic medications, 235 (78%) took only one medication, 51 (17%) used two medications, and 14 (5%) used three or more medications. |
| Chan (Controls unexposed, sick), 2024 |
China 2003 - 2018 |
All pregnant women aged 15–50 years who gave a singleton livebirth or stillbirth (≥20 weeks of gestation) in public hospitals between January 1, 2003 and December 31, 2018. | Infants of women with depression/anxiety who were prescribed with serotonin-norepinephrine-reuptake-inhibitors (SNRI) only filled during the first trimester and prescriptions filled before pregnancy but with duration overlapping the first trimester. |
unexposed, sick
Infants of pregnant women with depression/anxiety who were not prescribed with any antidepressant within 90 days before the last menstrual period and during the first trimester. |
66 / 4413 | |
| Chan - SNRI (Controls exposed to TCA), 2024 |
China 2003 - 2018 |
All pregnant women aged 15–50 years who gave a singleton livebirth or stillbirth (≥20 weeks of gestation) in public hospitals between January 1, 2003 and December 31, 2018. | Infants of women with prescription of serotonin-norepinephrine-reuptake-inhibitors (SNRI) only filled during the first trimester and prescriptions filled before pregnancy but with duration overlapping the first trimester. |
exposed to other treatment, sick
Infants of women who were prescribed with Tricyclic-antidepressants (TCA) only filled during the first trimester and prescriptions filled before pregnancy but with duration overlapping the first trimester. |
77 / 322 | |
| Chan - SNRI (Controls unexposed, general pop), 2024 |
China 2003 - 2018 |
All pregnant women aged 15–50 years who gave a singleton livebirth or stillbirth (≥20 weeks of gestation) in public hospitals between January 1, 2003 and December 31, 2018. | Infants of women with prescription of serotonin-norepinephrine-reuptake-inhibitors (SNRI) only filled during the first trimester and prescriptions filled before pregnancy but with duration overlapping the first trimester. |
unexposed (general population or NOS)
Infants of pregnant women who were not prescribed with any antidepressant within 90 days before the last menstrual period and during the first trimester. |
77 / 462377 | |
| Chen - SNRI, 2021 |
Taiwan 2000 - 2013 |
Pregnant women aged 18–55 years with perinatal depression (ICD-9-CM codes 296.2–296.3 and 311) who were diagnosed with depression within 90 days before the date of their pregnancy test. | Pregnant patients with perinatal depression with serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) prescription. (This is a subgroup of exposure among the whole exposed group considered in the study). |
unexposed, sick
Pregnant patients with perinatal depression with no antidepressant treatment 90 days before the date of their first pregnancy. |
483 / 1789 | SNRIs; venlafaxine and duloxetine. Meta-analysis of adjusted HR provided by authors according to defined daily doses. |
| De Ocampo - SNRI, 2016 |
USA and Canada 2004 - 2014 |
Pregnant women with live singleton birth who called the MotherToBaby phone line that resided in USA or Canada, that were no more than 20 weeks in gestation at the time of enrollment, and had no prior diagnosis of any major birth defects in the current pregnancy at the time of enrollment. | Pregnant women who use serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) alone during pregnancy. (This is a subgroup of exposure among the whole exposed group considered in the study). |
unexposed (general population or NOS)
Pregnant women who did not use antidepressants at any time during pregnancy. |
21 / 3119 | Two exposed groups: discontinuers (women who discontinued use <20 weeks of gestation) or continuers (women who continued use ≥20 weeks of gestation). Continuers reported here because it maximize the potential effect and there are more pregnancies. |
| Einarson - Venlafaxine, 2009 |
Canada Not specified. |
Women call the service for information regarding the safety of a drug. | Pregnant women who were exposed to Venlafaxine in the first trimester of pregnancy. (This is a subgroup of exposure among the whole exposed group considered in the study). |
unexposed (general population or NOS)
Pregnant women who were not exposed to antidepressants and who had called Motherisk for information regarding nonteratogenic drugs. |
154 / 928 | |
| Einarson - Venlafaxine, 2001 |
Italy, UK, USA, Brazil and Canada Not specfied. |
Pregnant women (or their health professionals) on the safety or risk potential during pregnancy of drugs, chemicals, radiation, and infectious diseases. | Pregnant women exposed to Venlafaxine at least during organogenesis (4h and 14th week of gestation). |
unexposed (general population or NOS)
Pregnant women who were given nonteratogenic drugs (loperamide, echinacea, sumatriptan, and dextromethorphan). |
150 / 150 | Overlapping: malformations not reported because probable overlapping with Einarson 2009 (2 same malformations reported). 'The majority of the women in the venlafaxine group (70% [N=105]) took 75 mg/day of venlafaxine' |
| Frayne - SNRI, 2021 |
Australia Not specified |
Pregnant women with severe mental illnesses attending at two specialised tertiary obstetric hospitals. | Pregnant women that use Selective Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) during pregnancy. (This is a subgroup of exposure among the whole exposed group considered in the study). |
unexposed, sick
Pregnant women who were not taking, and had not taken, antidepressant, mood stabilizing and antiepileptic agents during the pregnancy. |
68 / 238 | 'Data were extracted from a larger dataset: Galbally et al. 2020' |
| Furu - Venlafaxine, 2015 |
Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden 1996 - 2010 |
Women who gave birth to a live singleton infant during the study period (different periods according to country). | Infants born to women who filled a prescription for Venlafaxine from 30 days before the first day of the last menstrual period until the end of the first trimester (defined as 97 days after the last menstrual period). |
unexposed (general population or NOS)
Infants not exposed to any antidepressant (ATC code N06A) in utero. |
2763 / 2266875 | Overlapping: For malformations: 3 studies kept from Sweden: Ankarfeld : Duloxetine (Sweden/Denmark: 2004 - 2016; Furu 2015 (Venlafaxine 2006-2010 with other countries) and Reis 2010 (1995 - 2007). |
| Hagberg - SNRI (Controls exposed to TCA), 2018 |
United Kingdom 1989 - 2011 |
Mothers, aged 13–44 years, and their live-born, singleton infants born. | Pregnant women with depression treated with Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) only (diagnosis and ≥1 antidepressant prescription during the exposure period). (This is a subgroup of exposure among the whole exposed group considered). |
exposed to other treatment, sick
Pregnant women with depression treated with tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) only (diagnosis and ≥1 antidepressant prescription during the exposure period). (This is a subgroup of exposure among the whole exposed group considered). |
1246 / 4856 | For ASD: Partial overlapping of Hagberg 2018 (1989 - 2011) and Heuvelman 2023 (1995 - 2017), with more uncommon study period (12 years) than common (6 years) => The 2 studies were kept. |
| Hagberg - SNRI (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2018 |
United Kingdom 1989 - 2011 |
Mothers, aged 13–44 years, and their live-born, singleton infants born. | Pregnant women with depression treated with Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) only (diagnosis and ≥1 antidepressant prescription during the exposure period). (This is a subgroup of exposure among the whole exposed group considered). |
unexposed, disease free
Pregnant women who had neither depression nor prescriptions for antidepressants prior to the baby’s delivery date. |
1246 / 154107 | For ASD: Partial overlapping of Hagberg 2018 (1989 - 2011) and Heuvelman 2023 (1995 - 2017), with more uncommon study period (12 years) than common (6 years) => The 2 studies were kept. |
| Hagberg - SNRI (Controls unexposed, sick), 2018 |
United Kingdom 1989 - 2011 |
Mothers, aged 13–44 years, and their live-born, singleton infants born. | Pregnant women with depression treated with Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) only (diagnosis and ≥1 antidepressant prescription during the exposure period). (This is a subgroup of exposure among the whole exposed group considered). |
unexposed, sick
Pregnant women with untreated depression (recent history of treated depression but no antidepressants during the exposure period). |
1246 / 12994 | For ASD: Partial overlapping of Hagberg 2018 (1989 - 2011) and Heuvelman 2023 (1995 - 2017), with more uncommon study period (12 years) than common (6 years) => The 2 studies were kept. |
| Hanley - SNRI, 2016 |
Canada 2002 - 2011 |
All women who delivered a live neonate in the Canadian province of British Columbia (population of 4.3 million). | A supply of Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) during pregnancy (late- or mid-pregnancy exposure). (This is a subgroup of exposure among the whole exposed group considered). |
unexposed (general population or NOS)
No supply of any antidepressants in the 5 months before delivery (during mid- to late pregnancy). |
1390 / 310813 | 'We excluded all women using 'other antidepressants' (such as amitriptyline, bupropion, and trazodone) from our final analyses. Women using combination SSRI and serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor therapy were also excluded.' |
| Heuvelman - Venlafaxine, 2023 |
United Kingdom 1995 - 2017 |
Pregnancies in Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) with a history of depressive symptoms or use of antidepressants in the preceding year before pregnancy. | Women who had initiated or continued Lofepramine for the treatment of depressive symptoms during pregnancy. |
unexposed, sick
Women who did not initiate or who discontinue antidepressants during pregnancy. |
818 / 16330 | For ASD: Partial overlapping of Hagberg 2018 (1989 - 2011) and Heuvelman 2023 (1995 - 2017), with more uncommon study period (12 years) than common (6 years) => The 2 studies were kept. |
| Huybrechts - Duloxetine (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2020 |
USA 2004 - 2013 |
Pregnant women 18 to 55 years of age and their liveborn infants. | Pregnant women who filled at least one outpatient prescription for duloxetine during the etiologically relevant window. |
unexposed (general population or NOS)
Pregnant women not exposed to duloxetine during the etiologically relevant exposure window. |
2532 / 1284827 | Exclusion of pregnancies exposed to a known teratogenic drug (warfarin, antineoplastic agents, lithium, isotretinoin, misoprostol, thalidomide) 1st trimester. Partial overlapping for preeclampsia and cardiac malfo (Palmsten 2013, Huybrechts 2014 and 2020) |
| Huybrechts - Duloxetine (Controls unexposed, sick), 2020 |
USA 2004 - 2013 |
Pregnant women 18 to 55 years of age and their liveborn infants. | Pregnant women who filled at least one outpatient prescription for duloxetine during the etiologically relevant window. |
unexposed, sick
Pregnant women exposed to duloxetine before but not during pregnancy (≥1 duloxetine dispensing between 6 months and 60 days before LMP but not during first trimester). |
2532 / 2456 | Exclusion of pregnancies exposed to a known teratogenic drug (warfarin, antineoplastic agents, lithium, isotretinoin, misoprostol, thalidomide) 1st trimester. Partial overlapping for preeclampsia and cardiac malfo (Palmsten 2013, Huybrechts 2014 and 2020) |
| Huybrechts - SNRI (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2014 |
USA 2000 - 2007 |
All completed pregnancies and their linked liveborn infants. | Pregnant women who have had exposure to Serotonin– norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) with the first trimester. (This is a subgroup of exposure among the whole exposed group considered in the study). |
unexposed (general population or NOS)
Pregnant women without exposure to antidepressants during the first trimester. |
6904 / 885115 | Exclusion of pregnancies with a diagnosis of a chromosomal abnormality and pregnancies in which the mother had been treated with known teratogens during the first trimester (i.e., lithium, antineoplastic agents, retinoids, and thalidomide). |
| Huybrechts - SNRI (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 |
USA 2000 - 2007 |
All completed pregnancies and their linked liveborn infants. | Pregnant women who have had exposure to Serotonin– norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) with the first trimester. (This is a subgroup of exposure among the whole exposed group considered in the study). |
unexposed, sick
Pregnant women with a diagnosis of depression without exposure to antidepressants during the first trimester. |
6904 / 180564 | Use of High-dimensional propensity-score data (Supplementary Table S15). Exclusion of pregnancies in which the mother had been treated with known teratogens during the first trimester (i.e., lithium, antineoplastic agents, retinoids, and thalidomide). |
| Jackson - SNRI, 2024 |
U.S.A 2019 - 2022 |
All pregnant patients who delivered at 23 weeks of gestational age or greater at seven hospitals within a large academic health system in New York. | Prenatal exposure to a monotherapy of serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs: duloxetine, venlafaxine), |
unexposed, disease free
No prenatal exposure to serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs: duloxetine, venlafaxine), |
145 / 106961 | |
| Kjaersgaard - Venlafaxine (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2013 |
Denmark 1997 - 2008 |
All clinically recognized pregnancies in Denmark with an estimated conception and an observed pregnancy outcome during the study period. | Mother that had redeemed a prescription for Venlafaxine at any time from 30 days before conception up to 1 day before the end of pregnancy. (This is a subgroup of exposure among the whole exposed group considered in the study). |
unexposed (general population or NOS)
Mother that had not redeemed any prescription for antidepressant medication from 6 months before conception up to 1 day before the end of the pregnancy. |
-9 / 983258 | Unexposed cohort: 1843 plus 981415 = 983258. partial Partial overlapping between Ankarfeldt 2021b (2004 - 2016) and Kjaersgaard 2013 (1997 - 2008) => 4 common years, 13 not common years => the 2 studies were kept. |
| Kjaersgaard - Venlafaxine (Controls unexposed, sick), 2013 |
Denmark 1997 - 2008 |
All clinically recognized pregnancies in Denmark with an estimated conception and an observed pregnancy outcome during the study period. | Mother with a registry-based diagnosis of depressive disorder that had redeemed a prescription for Venlafaxine at any time from 30 days before conception up to 1 day before the end of pregnancy. |
unexposed, sick
Mother with a registry-based diagnosis of depressive disorder that had not redeemed any prescription for antidepressant medication from 6 months before conception up to 1 day before the end of the pregnancy. |
-9 / -9 | Molar or ectopic pregnancies (ICD-10: O00.0– O01.9) were excluded from the main analyses. Partial overlapping between Ankarfeldt 2021b (2004 - 2016) and Kjaersgaard 2013 (1997 - 2008) => 4 common years, 13 not common years => the 2 studies were kept. |
| Kolding - Venlafaxine (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2021 |
Denmark 2007 - 2014 |
All clinically recognized singleton pregnancies with fetuses alive at the nuchal scan from 11 completed gestational weeks. | Pregnant women with two or more redeemed prescriptions of Venlafaxine from 28 days before through 70 days after the conception date. (This is a subgroup of exposure among the whole exposed group considered in the study). |
unexposed, disease free
Pregnant women with absence of redemptions for an antidepressant in the same time window, combined with absence of former use. |
847 / 353581 | 'Pregnancies with fetal chromosomal abnormalities were excluded regardless of presence of other malformations.' |
| Kolding - Venlafaxine (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021 |
Denmark 2007 - 2014 |
All clinically recognized singleton pregnancies with fetuses alive at the nuchal scan from 11 completed gestational weeks. | Pregnant women with two or more redeemed prescriptions of Venlafaxine from 28 days before through 70 days after the conception date. (This is a subgroup of exposure among the whole exposed group considered in the study). |
unexposed, sick
Pregnant women with untreated- or well treated depression or anxiety without antidepressant use in the pregnancy (one or more redeemed prescription of an antidepressant from 365 to 183 days preconception and no redemptions between 182 days preconception through the first trimester). |
847 / 6326 | 'Pregnancies with fetal chromosomal abnormalities were excluded regardless of presence of other malformations.' |
| Laugesen - SNRI, 2013 |
Denmark 1996 - 2009 |
All Danish singletons born alive during the study period | Children born to mother with redemption of a Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) prescription by the mother 30 days prior to or during pregnancy. (This is a subgroup of exposure among the whole exposed group considered). |
unexposed (general population or NOS)
Children born to mother who had never redeemed a prescription on antidepressants. |
763 / 816792 | |
| Lee (Controls exposed to TCAs), 2025 |
China 2003 - 2018 |
All pregnant women aged 15–50 years who gave a singleton livebirth or stillbirth (≥20 weeks of gestation) in public hospitals in Hong Kong between January 1, 2003 and December 31, 2018. | Women filling at least one prescription of any serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRI) only during pregnancy, that is the period between the date of the last menstrual period and the date of delivery. |
exposed to other treatment, sick
Women filling at least one prescription of any tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) only during pregnancy, that is the period between the date of the last menstrual period and the date of delivery. |
71 / 613 | |
| Lee (Controls unexposed, general pop), 2025 |
China 2003 - 2018 |
All pregnant women aged 15–50 years who gave a singleton livebirth or stillbirth (≥20 weeks of gestation) in public hospitals in Hong Kong between January 1, 2003 and December 31, 2018. | Women filling at least one prescription of any serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRI) only during pregnancy, that is the period between the date of the last menstrual period and the date of delivery. |
unexposed (general population or NOS)
Women who were not prescribed with any antidepressant during index pregnancy. |
71 / 463440 | |
| Lupattelli - SNRI (Controls exposed to TCA), 2017 |
Norway 1999 - 2008 |
Depressed pregnant women recruited from all over Norway through a postal invitation in connection with a routine ultrasound at gestational weeks (GWs) 17 and 18. | Depressed pregnant women that reported use of Serotonin‐norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs: venlafaxine or duloxetine) monotherapy during pregnancy. |
exposed to other treatment, sick
Depressed pregnant women that reported use of tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) monotherapy during pregnancy. |
75 / 21 | Data for Early‐onset preeclampsia cannot be reported because nb of exposure to SNRI in gestational weeks 0‐16 is not reported. 'Women on antidepressant polytherapy, ie, exposed to multiple antidepressant groups in pregnancy, were excluded' |
| Lupattelli - SNRI (Controls unexposed, sick), 2017 |
Norway 1999 - 2008 |
Depressed pregnant women recruited from all over Norway through a postal invitation in connection with a routine ultrasound at gestational weeks (GWs) 17 and 18. | Depressed pregnant women that reported use of Serotonin‐norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs: venlafaxine or duloxetine) monotherapy during pregnancy. |
unexposed, sick
Depressed pregnant women nonmedicated. |
75 / 5106 | Data for Early‐onset preeclampsia cannot be reported because nb of exposure to SNRI in gestational weeks 0‐16 is not reported. 'Women on antidepressant polytherapy, ie, exposed to multiple antidepressant groups in pregnancy, were excluded' |
| Marks - Duloxetine (Controls exposed to Bupropion), 2021 |
USA 2010 - 2019 |
Women who received at least one antidepressant prescription 3 months prior to conception through delivery. | Pregnant women with one (or more) prescription of Duloxetine written during the time period studied. (This is a subgroup of exposure among the whole exposed group considered in the study). |
exposed to other treatment, sick
Pregnant women with one (or more) prescription of Bupropion written during the time period studied. |
139 / 406 | '252 women (6.8%) prescribed >1 antidepressant'=> considered as monotherapy. This study assessed several SNRIs, with adjustment => To avoid redundancy of control, only the substance with the higher number of exposure was used in the meta-analysis. |
| Marks - Duloxetine (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021 |
USA 2010 - 2019 |
Women who received at least one antidepressant prescription 3 months prior to conception through delivery. | Pregnant women with one (or more) prescription of Duloxetine during the third trimester exposure. (This is a subgroup of exposure among the whole exposed group considered in the study). |
unexposed, sick
Pregnant women who took an antidepressant at some point during pregnancy but did not have a prescription for any antidepressant during the relevant period of exposure. |
59 / -9 | '252 women (6.8%) prescribed >1 antidepressant'=> considered as monotherapy. 'Neonatal intensive care unit admission" => not considered here because an exposure in early pregnancy could also lead to NICU admission. |
| Martin - Venlafaxine, 2024 |
Norway, Sweden and United Kingdom. 1996 - 2020 |
Singleton deliveries 22 weeks’ completed gestational weeks registered in the different databases during the study periods (UK: 1996-2018, Norway: 2009-2020, Sweden: 2006-2020). | Singleton deliveries with maternal Venlafaxine (without concurrent prescriptions for different antidepressants) use during pregnancy proxied by prescriptions in the United Kingdom and dispensations in Norway and Sweden. |
unexposed (general population or NOS)
Singleton deliveries without maternal antidepressants use during pregnancy proxied by prescriptions in the United Kingdom and dispensations in Norway and Sweden. |
6441 / 2408707 | A group ‘multiple’ (i.e drug switching or concurrent prescriptions for different antidepressants) is available => thus individual antidepressant considered as monotherapy. Unexposed numbers: Table S4. |
| Nulman - Venlafaxine (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2012 |
Canada 2001 - 2006 |
Pregnant women who sought counseling on the pregnancy safety of medications. (This is a subgroup of exposure among the whole exposed group considered in the study). | Depressed women who took Venlafaxine during pregnancy. |
unexposed, disease free
Nondepressed, healthy pregnant women who called Motherisk to inquire about nonteratogenic exposure (e.g., acetaminophen). |
62 / 62 | 'Excluded were mothers exposed to polytherapy for depression or known teratogens, mothers with substance abuse, mothers with other psychiatric conditions, prematurity, mothers and/or children with medical conditions that may affect cognitive outcomes.' |
| Nulman - Venlafaxine (Controls unexposed, sick), 2012 |
Canada 2001 - 2006 |
Pregnant women who sought counseling on the pregnancy safety of medications. (This is a subgroup of exposure among the whole exposed group considered in the study). | Depressed women who took Venlafaxine during pregnancy. |
unexposed, sick
Depressed women who were untreated during pregnancy (discontinued pharmacotherapy before conception). |
62 / 54 | 'Excluded were mothers exposed to polytherapy for depression or known teratogens, mothers with substance abuse, mothers with other psychiatric conditions, prematurity, mothers and/or children with medical conditions that may affect cognitive outcomes.' |
| Oberlander - Venlafaxine, 2008 |
Canada 1997 - 2002 |
About (92.7%) all live births (hospital and home births) in British Columbia during the study period. | Infants exposed to Venlafaxine in the first trimester of pregnancy. |
unexposed (general population or NOS)
Infants with no exposure to either of these drugs (Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SRI) or benzodiazepine) in the first trimester of pregnancy. |
250 / 107320 | |
| Ozturk - Venlafaxine, 2016 |
Turkey 2007 - 2012 |
Pregnant women referred to the prenatal consultation service for psychotropic drug exposure. | Pregnant women exposed to Venlafaxine during pregnancy. (This is a subgroup of exposure among the whole exposed group considered in the study). |
unexposed (general population or NOS)
Pregnant women selected from the non-teratogen exposed pregnancies in the same year. |
13 / 275 | This study assessed several SNRIs, with potential co-exposures => data of all SNRIs cannot be added. To avoid redundancy of control, only the substance with the higher number of exposure was used in the meta-analysis (i.e Venlafaxine). |
| Palmsten - SNRI (Controls exposed to TCA), 2012 |
Canada 1997 - 2006 |
Pregnancies that ended in a livebirth in women with at least 1 inpatient or outpatient code for depression during the year prior to the last menstrual period until 20 completed gestational weeks. | Pregnant women with at least 1 pharmacy dispensing record for a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRI) during estimated gestational weeks 10–20 (Monotherapy). |
exposed to other treatment, sick
Pregnant women with at least 1 pharmacy dispensing record for a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) during estimated gestational weeks 10–20 (Monotherapy). |
408 / 146 | 'Exposure was classified as monotherapy if dispensings for only 1 antidepressant class were present during pregnancy and as polytherapy otherwise.' |
| Palmsten - SNRI (Controls unexposed, sick), 2012 |
Canada 1997 - 2006 |
Pregnancies that ended in a livebirth in women with at least 1 inpatient or outpatient code for depression during the year prior to the last menstrual period until 20 completed gestational weeks. | Pregnant women with at least 1 pharmacy dispensing record for serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) antidepressants during estimated gestational weeks 10–20 (Monotherapy). |
unexposed, sick
Pregnant women with no antidepressant dispensing between the year prior to the last menstrual period and gestational week 20. |
408 / 65392 | 'Exposure was classified as monotherapy if dispensings for only 1 antidepressant class were present during pregnancy and as polytherapy otherwise.' |
| Palmsten a - SNRI (control exposed to TCA), 2013 |
USA 2000 - 2007 |
Pregnant women with a depression diagnosis enrolled in Medicaid. | Pregnant women with a depression diagnosis and a dispensation of serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) in monotherapy during the exposure window. |
exposed to other treatment, sick
Pregnant women with a depression diagnosis and a dispensation of tricyclic antidepressant in monotherapy during the exposure window. |
1216 / 441 | Women who received only one antidepressant class during the window were classified as having either SSRI, SNRI, tricyclic, bupropion or other antidepressant (mirtazapine, nefazodone, trazodone) monotherapy. |
| Palmsten a - SNRI (Controls unexposed, sick), 2013 |
USA 2000 - 2007 |
Pregnant women with a depression diagnosis enrolled in Medicaid. | Pregnant women with a depression diagnosis and a dispensation of serotonin-norepenephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) in monotherapy during the exposure window. |
unexposed, sick
Pregnant women with a depression diagnosis and no antidepressant exposure between the LMP and the end of the window. |
1216 / 59219 | Women who received only one antidepressant class during the window were classified as having either SSRI, SNRI, tricyclic, bupropion or other antidepressant (mirtazapine, nefazodone, trazodone) monotherapy. |
| Palmsten b - SNRI, 2013 |
USA 2000 - 2007 |
Subcohort of pregnancies in women with diagnoses for mood or anxiety disorders (between one and five months before delivery), ending in live birth among women aged 12-55. | Women with a supply of Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) monotherapy that overlapped with the delivery date. (This is a subgroup of exposure among the whole exposed group considered in the study). |
unexposed, sick
Women who had no supply of antidepressants in the five months before delivery. |
702 / 69044 | Exclusion of women who were exposed to both drugs types (polytherapy) during the five months before delivery. |
| Rai - Venlafaxine (Controls exposed to TCA), 2017 |
Sweden 2001 - 2011 |
All young people aged 0 to 17 years, residing in Stockholm County between 2001 and 2011. | Children of mothers who used Venlafaxine during pregnancy. (This is a subgroup of exposure among the whole exposed group considered in the study). |
exposed to other treatment, sick
Children of mothers who used Clomipramine during pregnancy. (This is a subgroup of exposure among the whole exposed group considered in the study). |
213 / 235 | Overlapping: Rai 2017 is an update of Rai 2013. About 3% with co-exposure to SSRI and Non-SSRI antidepressants (91/3342) => considered as SSRI monotherapy and Non-SSRI monotherapy. |
| Rai - Venlafaxine (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2017 |
Sweden 2001 - 2011 |
All young people aged 0 to 17 years, residing in Stockholm County between 2001 and 2011. | Children of mothers who used Venlafaxine during pregnancy. (This is a subgroup of exposure among the whole exposed group considered in the study). |
unexposed, disease free
No maternal psychiatric disorder and unexposed to antidepressants |
213 / 238943 | Overlapping: Rai 2017 is an update of Rai 2013. About 3% with co-exposure to SSRI and Non-SSRI antidepressants (91/3342) => considered as SSRI monotherapy and Non-SSRI monotherapy. |
| Rai - Venlafaxine (Controls unexposed, sick), 2017 |
Sweden 2001 - 2011 |
All young people aged 0 to 17 years, residing in Stockholm County between 2001 and 2011. | Children of mothers who used Venlafaxine during pregnancy. (This is a subgroup of exposure among the whole exposed group considered in the study). |
unexposed, sick
Children of mothers with psychiatric disorders (any time before the birth of the child) who did not take antidepressants during pregnancy. |
213 / 12325 | Overlapping: Rai 2017 is an update of Rai 2013. About 3% with co-exposure to SSRI and Non-SSRI antidepressants (91/3342) => considered as SSRI monotherapy and Non-SSRI monotherapy. |
| Rampono - SNRI=Venlafaxine, 2009 |
Australia Not specified. |
Pregnant women recruited prospectively and opportunistically (18–32 weeks of pregnancy) from the outpatient clinics. | Pregnant patients treated with serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) antidepressants (venlafaxine only) during pregnancy. (This is a subgroup of exposure among the whole exposed group considered in the study). |
unexposed, sick
Pregnant women untreated with antidepressants during pregnancy. |
11 / 18 | Maternal antenatal EPDS scores were not different between cases and controls. Mothers who were known substance abusers, or who took any medication known to alter infant behaviour (apart from those being investigated) were excluded from the study. |
| Reis - SNRI (Controls exposed to TCA), 2010 |
Sweden 1995 - 2007 |
Almost all deliveries in Sweden (1–2% missing). | Pregnant women who reported the use of Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) in late pregnancy or were prescribed SNRIs during pregnancy. |
exposed to other treatment, sick
Pregnant women who reported the use of Tricyclic antidepressant (TCAs) in late pregnancy or were prescribed TCAs during pregnancy. |
538 / 784 | Overlapping: For malformations: 3 studies kept from Sweden: Ankarfeld : Duloxetine (Sweden/Denmark: 2004 - 2016; Furu 2015 (Venlafaxine 2006-2010 with other countries) and Reis 2010 (1995 - 2007). |
| Reis - SNRI (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2010 |
Sweden 1995 - 2007 |
Almost all deliveries in Sweden (1–2% missing). | Pregnant women who reported the use of Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) in late pregnancy or were prescribed SNRIs during pregnancy. |
unexposed (general population or NOS)
All other pregnant women in the register (not exposed to antidepressants during pregnancy). |
538 / 1062190 | Overlapping: For malformations: 3 studies kept from Sweden: Ankarfeld : Duloxetine (Sweden/Denmark: 2004 - 2016; Furu 2015 (Venlafaxine 2006-2010 with other countries) and Reis 2010 (1995 - 2007). |
| Richardson - Venlafaxine, 2019 |
The United Kingdom. 1995 - 2018 |
Pregnant women whose healthcare professionals contact UKTIS to discuss the potential fetal effects of maternal environmental exposures (medicines/occupational chemicals etc.) during pregnancy. | Pregnancies in which mothers had used venlafaxine at any stage of pregnancy. |
unexposed (general population or NOS)
Pregnancies unexposed to any antidepressant medications (matching ratio 5:1). |
281 / 1405 | Gestational venlafaxine exposure occurred in at least the first trimester for the majority of the venlafaxine exposed study group (n = 270/281, 96.1%). Concomitant psychiatric medication use was common among the venlafaxine exposed pregnancies. |
| Robinson-Wolrath - SNRI, 2016 |
Australia 2005 - 2010 |
All pregnancies at King Edward Memorial Hospital during the study period. | Mothers treated with Serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) during pregnancy. |
unexposed (general population or NOS)
Mothers not treated with Selective serotonin inhibitors (SSRIs) nor Serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) during pregnancy. |
91 / -9 | Number of unexposed pregnancies not specified (thus all data without OR provided by authors cannot be reported here). 75 babies of mothers prescribed multiple psychiatric medications excluded. |
| Suarez - SNRI (Controls unexposed, discontinuers), 2022 |
USA 2000 - 2015 |
Individuals aged 12 to 55 years with live-birth deliveries linked to infants that have insurance coverage from 3 months before the date of the estimated last menstrual period (LMP) to 1 month after delivery. | Individuals with at least 1 dispensing of serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) from 127 days after LMP (week 19 of gestation) to delivery. |
unexposed, sick
Individuals that having a dispensing for serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) in the window from 90 to 31 days prior to LMP but not during the window of 30 days prior to LMP through delivery. |
8540 / 4899 | The Medicaid Analytic eXtract (MAX): 2000 to 2014 and the MarketScan Commercial Claims Database (MarketScan): 2003 to 2015. |
| Suarez - SNRI (Controls unexposed, general pop), 2022 |
USA 2000 - 2015 |
Individuals aged 12 to 55 years with live-birth deliveries linked to infants that have insurance coverage from 3 months before the date of the estimated last menstrual period (LMP) to 1 month after delivery. | Individuals with at least 1 dispensing of serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) from 127 days after LMP (week 19 of gestation) to delivery. |
unexposed (general population or NOS)
Individuals with no antidepressant dispensing from 90 days prior to pregnancy start through the day prior to delivery. |
8659 / 2910114 | The Medicaid Analytic eXtract (MAX): 2000 to 2014 and the MarketScan Commercial Claims Database (MarketScan): 2003 to 2015. |
| Sørensen - SNRI (Controls exposed to TCA), 2013 |
Denmark 1996 - 2006 |
All children born alive in Denmark during the study period. | Children of women who filled a prescription for Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) from 30 days before conception to the day of birth. (This is a subgroup of exposure among the whole exposed group considered in the study). |
exposed to other treatment, sick
Children of women who filled a prescription for Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) from 30 days before conception to the day of birth. (This is a subgroup of exposure among the whole exposed group considered in the study). |
673 / 642 | Overlapping between Gidaya 2014, Hviid 2013 and Sorensen 2013: same outcomes, same dataset, same period (not the same research team). The study of Sorensen 2013 included a larger study period and more pregnancies and was the only one reported. |
| Sørensen - SNRI (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2013 |
Denmark 1996 - 2006 |
All children born alive in Denmark during the study period. | Children of women who filled a prescription for Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) from 30 days before conception to the day of birth. (This is a subgroup of exposure among the whole exposed group considered in the study). |
unexposed (general population or NOS)
Children of women who not filled antidepressant drugs during pregnancy. |
673 / 646782 | Overlapping between Gidaya 2014, Hviid 2013 and Sorensen 2013: same outcomes, same dataset, same period. Sorensen 2013 included more pregnancies=> the only one reported. Low nb of co-exposure SSRI/SNRI/TCS (<5%) => considered as monotherapies. |
| Te Winkel - Venlafaxine, 2016 |
Finland, France, Israel, Italy, Netherlands and Switzerland. Not specified. |
Pregnant women that called (or via healthcare professional) a Teratology information service for after individual risk counseling about exposure during pregnancy. | Pregnant women exposed to Venlafaxine during pregnancy. |
unexposed (general population or NOS)
Pregnant women not exposed to any known teratogen during pregnancy. |
732 / 724 | Number of pregnancies in the control group: 656 live births - 6 twins plus 46 spontaneous abortions plus 25 ETOPs plus 3 stillbirths. |
| Tran - SNRI (Controls exposed to TCA), 2022 |
The Netherlands 2000 - 2010 |
Pregnant women who had her first pregnancy (primigravida) with a singleton during the study period. | Pregnant women who received a dispensing of Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) between weeks 0–20 of gestation or received before pregnancy, but the treatment duration lasted into pregnancy. (This is a subgroup of exposure among the whole exposed group considered in the study). |
exposed to other treatment, sick
Pregnant women who received a dispensing of tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) between weeks 0–20 of gestation or received before pregnancy, but the treatment duration lasted into pregnancy. (This is a subgroup of exposure among the whole exposed group considered in the study). |
212 / 214 | |
| Tran - SNRI (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2022 |
The Netherlands 2000 - 2010 |
Pregnant women who had her first pregnancy (primigravida) with a singleton during the study period. | Pregnant women who received a dispensing of Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) between weeks 0–20 of gestation or received before pregnancy, but the treatment duration lasted into pregnancy. (This is a subgroup of exposure among the whole exposed group considered in the study). |
unexposed (general population or NOS)
Pregnant women who did not receive antidepressants in 15 months before delivery. |
212 / 95376 | |
| Wall-Wieler - SNRI, 2020 |
USA 2008 - 2015 |
Pregnant women with have a prepregnancy depression diagnosis, among women aged 15 to 44. | Pregnant women having a Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) prescription that had at least a 1-day supply in the 3 weeks after a woman’s estimated last menstrual period. (This is a subgroup of exposure among the whole exposed group considered in the study). |
unexposed, sick
Pregnant women who had a prepregnancy depression diagnosis and did not have Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) prescription, but that could they could be exposed to an antidepressant (but not that class). |
6620 / 100168 | Non exposed group: a majority is non exposed to antidepressant (n=66501) whereas the other one are exposed to an other class of antidepressants. |
| Yang - SNRI, 2021 |
Taiwan 2010 - 2016 |
First recorded singleton pregnancies in women aged 18 to 49 years who gave birth during the study period with at least 1 outpatient or 1 inpatient diagnosis of depression between 12 months before the start of pregnancy and the start of the 20 weeks’ gestation. | Pregnant women with depression and at least 1 prescription for an oral serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRI) from the day of pregnancy initiation up to the start of 20 weeks of gestation. (This is a subgroup of exposure among the whole exposed group considered in the study). |
unexposed, sick
Pregnant women with depression without antidepressant prescription. |
338 / 2832 | 'In addition, we restricted the cohort of antidepressant users to patients who were only prescribed 1 consistent antidepressant during the exposure period.' |
| Yaris - Venlafaxine, 2005 |
Turkey 1999 - 2004 |
Pregnant women calling for a counseling about the teratogenic risks of drugs, chemicals, and X-ray. | Women who were exposed to Venlafaxine during pregnancy for depression, anxiety, and psychotic disorders. (This is a subgroup of exposure among the whole exposed group considered in the study). |
unexposed (general population or NOS)
Women who did not use any drug while pregnant. |
11 / 248 | Raw data for Intrauterine exitus not reported because the nb of cases in the unexposed group not clearly stated. Raw data for premature delivery not reported because the denominator is not clearly stated. |
| Yeh - SNRI, 2021 |
Taiwan 2002 - 2011 |
Pregnant women with bipolar disorder who were pregnant and gave birth to a child during the study period. | Pregnant women with bipolar disorder receiving serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRI - duloxetine, venlafaxine, milnacipran, mirtazapine) during pregnancy. (This is a subgroup of exposure among the whole exposed group considered in the study). |
unexposed, sick
Pregnant women with bipolar disorder not receiving any psychotropics before and during the pregnancy. |
56 / 5243 |
| Study | Country Study period |
Case | Control | Sample size | Rmk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anderson - SNRI, 2020 |
USA 1997 - 2011 |
The case infants were infants born alive or died at 20 SG or more and who had received a diagnosis of at least one selected birth defect. | The controls were live-born infants with no major birth defects who were randomly selected from hospital or state birth-certificate records from the same geographic areas. | 30630 / 11478 | 'Infants with recognized or strongly suspected chromosomal abnormalities or single-gene conditions were excluded from the study.' |
| Dandjinou - SNRI, 2019 |
Canada 1998 - 2015 |
Pregnant women with a diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) identified using diagnosis codes ICD-9: 250.0–250.9, 648.0, 648.8, 790.2, 775.1 or ICD-10: E10–E14, O24, R73.0) or at least one filled prescription for an antidiabetic drug allowed during pregnancy (insulin, glyburide or metformin), both after week 20 of gestation, whichever occurred first. | Pregnant women that did not have a diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) at the index date. | 20905 / 209050 | The 10 categories of exposure were mutually exclusive. |
| De Vera - SNRI, 2012 |
Canada 1997 - 2003 |
Women with a diagnosis of gestational hypertension (ICD-9: 642.3, 642.0), pre-eclampsia (ICD-9: 642.4, 642.5) or eclampsia (ICD-9: 642.6) after the 20th week of gestation. | Women who did not have a diagnosis of pregnancy-induced hypertension at or before the same gestational age. | 1216 / 12160 | Tricyclic antidepressants (amitriptyline, clomipramine, desipramine, doxepin, imipramine, nortriptyline and trimipramine). |
| Kieler - Venlafaxine, 2015 |
Denmark, Finland, and Norway 1996 - 2007 |
Women with elective termination of pregnancy at 12–23 weeks of gestation. | Women that continued their pregnancy, randomly selected and matched with cases on key factors. | 14902 / 148929 | The (ORs) are presented for women exposed to only one type of antidepressant during the exposure period. |
| Laspro - Venlafaxine, 2024 |
USA 2013 - 2023 |
Newborns with oral clefts (ICD 10 codes Q35 or Q36 or Q37). | Newborns without oral clefts. | 12098 / -9 | P-values were calculated, while to account for multiple testing (693 hypotheses) Benjamini- Hochberg (BH) corrections were performed with a false discovery rate (Q) of 0.05. |
| Nakhai-Pour - Venlafaxine, 2010 |
Canada 1998 - 2003 |
Pregnant women with a diagnosis or a procedure for spontaneous abortion between the first day and the 20th week of gestation. | Randomly selected pregnant women who did not have a spontaneous abortion at or before the same gestational age as their matched case did. | 5124 / 51240 |
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