Thiopurines (Azathioprine, Mercaptopurin)

Study Reference
Alami, 2017

Alami Pregnancy outcome following in utero exposure to azathioprine: A French comparative observational study. Therapie ; 73:199-207

Andreoli, 2022

Andreoli Long-term Outcome of Children Born to Women with Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases: A Multicentre, Nationwide Study on 299 Randomly Selected Individuals. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2022; 62:346-353

Angelberger, 2011

Angelberger Long-term follow-up of babies exposed to azathioprine in utero and via breastfeeding. J Crohns Colitis 2011; 5:95-100

Ban (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2014

Ban Limited risks of major congenital anomalies in children of mothers with IBD and effects of medications. Gastroenterology 2014; 146:76-84

Ban (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014

Ban Limited risks of major congenital anomalies in children of mothers with IBD and effects of medications. Gastroenterology 2014; 146:76-84

Bröms, 2016

Bröms Preterm birth in women with inflammatory bowel disease - the association with disease activity and drug treatment. Scand J Gastroenterol 2016; 51:1462-1469

Bröms (Crohn’s disease, stable disease), 2014

Bröms Birth outcomes in women with inflammatory bowel disease: effects of disease activity and drug exposure. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2014; 20:1091-8

Casanova, 2013

Casanova Safety of thiopurines and anti-TNF-alpha drugs during pregnancy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2013; 108:433-40

Cleary (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2009

Cleary Early pregnancy azathioprine use and pregnancy outcomes. Birth Defects Res. Part A Clin. Mol. Teratol. 2009; 85:647-54

Cleary (Controls unexposed, sick), 2009

Cleary Early pregnancy azathioprine use and pregnancy outcomes. Birth Defects Res. Part A Clin. Mol. Teratol. 2009; 85:647-54

Coelho (Controls exposed to 5-ASA), 2011

Coelho Pregnancy outcome in patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with thiopurines: cohort from the CESAME Study. Gut 2011; 60:198-203

Coelho (Controls unexposed, sick), 2011

Coelho Pregnancy outcome in patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with thiopurines: cohort from the CESAME Study. Gut 2011; 60:198-203

Colvin, 2010

Colvin Linking a pharmaceutical claims database with a birth defects registry to investigate birth defect rates of suspected teratogens. 2010; 19:1137-50

Dejaco, 2005

Dejaco Pregnancy and birth outcome under thiopurine therapy for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Gastroenterology 2005; 128: A12.

Francella, 2003

Francella The safety of 6-mercaptopurine for childbearing patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a retrospective cohort study. 2003; 124:9-17

Goldstein, 2007

Goldstein Pregnancy outcome of women exposed to azathioprine during pregnancy. Birth Defects Res. Part A Clin. Mol. Teratol. 2007; 79:696-701

He, 2022

He Pregnancy outcomes in Takayasu arteritis patients. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2022; 55:152016

Howren, 2020

Howren Perinatal exposure to conventional synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs in women with rheumatic disease and neonatal outcomes: a population-based study. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. 2020; :

Jolving, 2021

Jølving The risk of chronic diseases and congenital malformations during childhood and adolescence after in utero exposure to thiopurines. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2021; 54:1061-1069

Kanis, 2017

Kanis Use of Thiopurines During Conception and Pregnancy Is Not Associated With Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes or Health of Infants at One Year in a Prospective Study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 15:1232-1241.e1

Kanis, 2021

Kanis Health outcomes of 1000 children born to mothers with inflammatory bowel disease in their first 5 years of life. Gut 2021; 70:1266-1274

Komoto, 2016

Komoto Pregnancy outcome in women with inflammatory bowel disease treated with anti-tumor necrosis factor and/or thiopurine therapy: a multicenter study from Japan. Intest Res 2016; 14:139-45

Koslowsky, 2019

Koslowsky Thiopurine Therapy for Inflammatory Bowel Disease During Pregnancy Is Not Associated with Anemia in the Infant. Dig Dis Sci 2019; 64:2286-2290

Langagergaard (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2007

Langagergaard Birth outcome in women treated with azathioprine or mercaptopurine during pregnancy: A Danish nationwide cohort study. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 2007; 25:73-81

Langagergaard (Controls unexposed, sick), 2007

Langagergaard Birth outcome in women treated with azathioprine or mercaptopurine during pregnancy: A Danish nationwide cohort study. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 2007; 25:73-81

Lazzaroni, 2020

Lazzaroni Neuropsychiatric Outcome of Children Born to Women With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Exposed in Utero to Azathioprine: A Case-Control Study. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:613239

Lazzaroni, M.G. Neuropsychiatric outcome of children born to women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) women and exposed in utero to azathioprine: A case-control study Ann. Rheum. Dis. 2020; 79:1511-.

Mahadevan, 2021

Mahadevan Pregnancy and Neonatal Outcomes After Fetal Exposure to Biologics and Thiopurines Among Women With Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Gastroenterology 2021; 160:1131-1139

Marder, 2013

Marder In utero azathioprine exposure and increased utilization of special educational services in children born to mothers with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2013; 65:759-66

Meyer, 2025

Meyer Risks of 75 major congenital malformations after in utero exposure to thiopurines and anti-TNF for maternal inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2025; :

Meyer a (Controls exposed to Anti-TNF), 2021

Meyer Serious Infections in Children Born to Mothers With Inflammatory Bowel Disease With In Utero Exposure to Thiopurines and Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; :

Meyer a (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021

Meyer Serious Infections in Children Born to Mothers With Inflammatory Bowel Disease With In Utero Exposure to Thiopurines and Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; :

Meyer b (Controls exposed to Anti-TNF), 2021

Meyer Comparative study of pregnancy outcomes in women with inflammatory bowel disease treated with thiopurines and/or anti-TNF: a French nationwide study 2010–2018. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2021 Aug

Meyer b (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021

Meyer Comparative study of pregnancy outcomes in women with inflammatory bowel disease treated with thiopurines and/or anti-TNF: a French nationwide study 2010–2018. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2021 Aug

Nguyen, 2019

Nguyen Incidence of pregnancy and disease-modifying therapy exposure trends in women with multiple sclerosis: A contemporary cohort study. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2019; 28:235-243

Nguyen_IBD (Controls exposed to TNFi), 2025

Nguyen Thiopurines and intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy in systemic lupus erythematosus and inflammatory bowel disease pregnancies. Am J Gastroenterol 2025; :

Nguyen_IBD (Controls unexposed, sick), 2025

Nguyen Thiopurines and intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy in systemic lupus erythematosus and inflammatory bowel disease pregnancies. Am J Gastroenterol 2025; :

Nguyen_SLE (Controls exposed to TNFi), 2025

Nguyen Thiopurines and intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy in systemic lupus erythematosus and inflammatory bowel disease pregnancies. Am J Gastroenterol 2025; :

Nguyen_SLE (Controls unexposed, sick), 2025

Nguyen Thiopurines and intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy in systemic lupus erythematosus and inflammatory bowel disease pregnancies. Am J Gastroenterol 2025; :

Norgard, 2020

Nørgård In utero exposure to thiopurines/anti-TNF agents and long-term health outcomes during childhood and adolescence in Denmark. 2020; 52:829-842

Norgard (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2003

Nørgård Azathioprine, mercaptopurine and birth outcome: a population-based cohort study. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 2003; 17:827-34

Norgard (Controls unexposed, sick), 2003

Nørgård Azathioprine, mercaptopurine and birth outcome: a population-based cohort study. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 2003; 17:827-34

Reynolds, 2022

Reynolds Outcomes of children born to mothers with systemic lupus erythematosus exposed to hydroxychloroquine or azathioprine. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2022; :

Schramm, 2006

Schramm Pregnancy in autoimmune hepatitis: outcome and risk factors. 2006; 101:556-60

Selinger (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2023

Rosiou, K. Antenatal thiopurine exposure in women with IBD is associated with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy J. Crohn's Colitis 2023; 17:i626-.

Selinger Antenatal thiopurine exposure in women with IBD is associated with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2023; 22:1091-1097

Selinger (Controls unexposed, sick), 2023

Rosiou, K. Antenatal thiopurine exposure in women with IBD is associated with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy J. Crohn's Colitis 2023; 17:i626-.

Selinger Antenatal thiopurine exposure in women with IBD is associated with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2023; 22:1091-1097

Shim, 2011

Shim The effects of azathioprine on birth outcomes in women with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). J Crohns Colitis 2011; 5:234-8

Tennenbaum, 1999

Tennenbaum Pregnancy outcome in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterol Clin Biol, 1999, 23, 564-569.

Vestergaard, 2024

Vestergaard Preterm Birth and in Utero Exposure to Corticosteroids Are Associated With Increased Infection Risk in Children of Mothers With IBD. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2024; 30:2297-2305

Viktil (Controls exposed to other treatments), 2012

Viktil Outcomes after anti-rheumatic drug use before and during pregnancy: a cohort study among 150,000 pregnant women and expectant fathers. Scand J Rheumatol 2012; 41:196-201

Viktil (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2012

Viktil Outcomes after anti-rheumatic drug use before and during pregnancy: a cohort study among 150,000 pregnant women and expectant fathers. Scand J Rheumatol 2012; 41:196-201

Yeaman (Controls mainly exposed to biologics), 2023

Yeaman Thiopurine Exposure During Pregnancy is Not Associated With Anemia in Infants Born to Mothers With IBD. Crohns Colitis 360 2023; 5:otad066

Yeaman (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2023

Yeaman Thiopurine Exposure During Pregnancy is Not Associated With Anemia in Infants Born to Mothers With IBD. Crohns Colitis 360 2023; 5:otad066