| Study | 
                Reference | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Alsaadi (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls exposed to LTG), 2020
                 | 
                
                     Alsaadi Antiseizure drugs use during pregnancy and congenital malformations: A retrospective review from the United Arab Emirates.  Epilepsy Res 2020; 159:106259  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Alsaadi (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed sick), 2020
                 | 
                
                     Alsaadi Antiseizure drugs use during pregnancy and congenital malformations: A retrospective review from the United Arab Emirates.  Epilepsy Res 2020; 159:106259  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Alsfouk (Levetiracetam), 2022
                 | 
                
                     Alsfouk, B.A. Patterns of antiseizure medication prescription in pregnancy and maternal complications in women with epilepsy: A retrospective study in Saudi Arabia  Saudi Pharm. J. 2022; 30:205-.  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Alsfouk (Levetiracetam) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2021
                 | 
                
                     Alsfouk, B.A. Antiseizure medications use during pregnancy and congenital malformations: A retrospective study in Saudi Arabia  Saudi Pharm. J. 2021; 29:939-.  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Alsfouk (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021
                 | 
                
                     Alsfouk, B.A. Antiseizure medications use during pregnancy and congenital malformations: A retrospective study in Saudi Arabia  Saudi Pharm. J. 2021; 29:939-.  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    AlSheikh (Levetiracetam) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2020
                 | 
                
                     AlSheikh Prevalence of epilepsy in Saudi pregnant women and possible effects of anti-epileptic drugs on pregnancy outcomes.  Neurosciences (Riyadh) 2020; 25:32-37  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    AlSheikh (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2020
                 | 
                
                     AlSheikh Prevalence of epilepsy in Saudi pregnant women and possible effects of anti-epileptic drugs on pregnancy outcomes.  Neurosciences (Riyadh) 2020; 25:32-37  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Arkilo (Levetiracetam), 2015
                 | 
                
                     Arkilo D Pregnancy and neurodevelopmental outcomes with in-utero antiepileptic agent exposure. A pilot study.  Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2015;19:37-40  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Artama (Levetiracetam) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2013
                 | 
                
                     Artama M Effects of maternal epilepsy and antiepileptic drug use during pregnancy on perinatal health in offspring: nationwide, retrospective cohort study in Finland.  Drug Saf 2013;36:359-69  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Artama (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2013
                 | 
                
                     Artama M Effects of maternal epilepsy and antiepileptic drug use during pregnancy on perinatal health in offspring: nationwide, retrospective cohort study in Finland.  Drug Saf 2013;36:359-69  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Artama (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2013
                 | 
                
                     Artama M Effects of maternal epilepsy and antiepileptic drug use during pregnancy on perinatal health in offspring: nationwide, retrospective cohort study in Finland.  Drug Saf 2013;36:359-69  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Aydin (Levetiracetam) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2020
                 | 
                
                     Aydin, E. Retrospective evaluation of pregnancy outcomes with maternal epilepsy  Journal of Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology 2020; 30:20-.  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Aydin (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2020
                 | 
                
                     Aydin, E. Retrospective evaluation of pregnancy outcomes with maternal epilepsy  Journal of Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology 2020; 30:20-.  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Babic (Levetiracetam), 2014
                 | 
                
                     Babic Postnatal concerns in children born to women with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. In: European Congress on Epileptology. vol. 55. Stockholm:   Epilepsia; 2014: 128  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Bank (Levetiracetam) (Mixed indications), 2017
                 | 
                
                     Bank Placental passage of antiepileptic drugs at delivery and neonatal outcomes.  Epilepsia 2017; 58:e82-e86  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Battino (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy), 2024
                 | 
                
                     Battino Risk of Major Congenital Malformations and Exposure to Antiseizure Medication Monotherapy.  JAMA Neurol 2024; 81:481-489  Tomson T Dose-dependent risk of malformations with antiepileptic drugs: an analysis of data from the EURAP epilepsy and pregnancy registry.  Lancet Neurol 2011;10:609-17  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Bech (Levetiracetam) (Mixed indications), 2018
                 | 
                
                     Bech In utero exposure to antiepileptic drugs is associated with learning disabilities among offspring.  J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2018; 89:1324-1331  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Bhaskaran (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy), 2025
                 | 
                
                     Bhaskaran Neurobehavioral Outcomes of Children with Antenatal Exposure to Antiseizure Medications.  Indian J Pediatr 2025; 92:252-259  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Bjørk (Levetiracetam) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2018
                 | 
                
                     Bjørk Association of Folic Acid Supplementation During Pregnancy With the Risk of Autistic Traits in Children Exposed to Antiepileptic Drugs In Utero.  JAMA Neurol 2018; 75:160-168  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Bjørk (Levetiracetam) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2022
                 | 
                
                     Bjørk Association of Prenatal Exposure to Antiseizure Medication With Risk of Autism and Intellectual Disability.  JAMA Neurol 2022; :  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Bjørk (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed NOS), 2022
                 | 
                
                     Bjørk Association of Prenatal Exposure to Antiseizure Medication With Risk of Autism and Intellectual Disability.  JAMA Neurol 2022; :  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Bjørk (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2018
                 | 
                
                     Bjørk Association of Folic Acid Supplementation During Pregnancy With the Risk of Autistic Traits in Children Exposed to Antiepileptic Drugs In Utero.  JAMA Neurol 2018; 75:160-168  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Bjørk (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2018
                 | 
                
                     Bjørk Association of Folic Acid Supplementation During Pregnancy With the Risk of Autistic Traits in Children Exposed to Antiepileptic Drugs In Utero.  JAMA Neurol 2018; 75:160-168  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Bjørk (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2022
                 | 
                
                     Bjørk Association of Prenatal Exposure to Antiseizure Medication With Risk of Autism and Intellectual Disability.  JAMA Neurol 2022; :  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Blotière (Levetiracetam) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick) (Mixed indications), 2019
                 | 
                
                     Blotière Risks of 23 specific malformations associated with prenatal exposure to 10 antiepileptic drugs.  Neurology 2019; 93:e167-e180  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Blotière (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed NOS) (Mixed indications), 2019
                 | 
                
                     Blotière Risks of 23 specific malformations associated with prenatal exposure to 10 antiepileptic drugs.  Neurology 2019; 93:e167-e180  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Bromley (Levetiracetam), 2016
                 | 
                
                     Bromley RL Cognition in school-age children exposed to levetiracetam, topiramate, or sodium valproate.  Neurology 2016;87:1943-1953  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Bromley (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls exposed to LTG), 2023
                 | 
                
                     Bromley Neurodevelopment of babies born to mothers with epilepsy: A prospective observational cohort study.  Epilepsia 2023; 64:2454-2471  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Bromley (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2023
                 | 
                
                     Bromley Neurodevelopment of babies born to mothers with epilepsy: A prospective observational cohort study.  Epilepsia 2023; 64:2454-2471  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Christensen (Levetiracetam) (All indications) (Controls exposed to LTG), 2024
                 | 
                
                     Christensen Prenatal exposure to antiseizure medications and fetal growth: a population-based cohort study from the Nordic countries.  Lancet Reg Health Eur 2024; 38:100849  Dreier Prenatal exposure to antiseizure medication and intrauterine growth restriction in offspring of women with epilepsy  Epilepsia 2021; 62(S3):3-364.  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Christensen (Levetiracetam) (All indications) (Controls unexposed, general population), 2024
                 | 
                
                     Christensen Prenatal exposure to antiseizure medications and fetal growth: a population-based cohort study from the Nordic countries.  Lancet Reg Health Eur 2024; 38:100849  Dreier Prenatal exposure to antiseizure medication and intrauterine growth restriction in offspring of women with epilepsy  Epilepsia 2021; 62(S3):3-364.  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Cohen (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls exposed to LTG), 2023
                 | 
                
                     Christensen Prenatal exposure to valproate and risk of congenital malformations-Could we have known earlier?-A population-based cohort study.  Epilepsia 2021; 62:2981-2993  Cohen Comparative Safety of Antiseizure Medication Monotherapy for Major Malformations.  Ann Neurol 2023; 93:551-562  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Cohen (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2023
                 | 
                
                     Christensen Prenatal exposure to valproate and risk of congenital malformations-Could we have known earlier?-A population-based cohort study.  Epilepsia 2021; 62:2981-2993  Cohen Comparative Safety of Antiseizure Medication Monotherapy for Major Malformations.  Ann Neurol 2023; 93:551-562  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Coste (Levetiracetam) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2020
                 | 
                
                     Blotière Risk of early neurodevelopmental outcomes associated with prenatal exposure to the antiepileptic drugs most commonly used during pregnancy: a French nationwide population-based cohort study.  BMJ Open 2020; 10:e034829  Coste Risk of early neurodevelopmental disorders associated with in utero exposure to valproate and other antiepileptic drugs: a nationwide cohort study in France.  Sci Rep 2020; 10:17362  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Coste (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2020
                 | 
                
                     Coste Risk of early neurodevelopmental disorders associated with in utero exposure to valproate and other antiepileptic drugs: a nationwide cohort study in France.  Sci Rep 2020; 10:17362  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Dreier (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls exposed to LTG), 2023
                 | 
                
                     Dreier Prenatal Exposure to Antiseizure Medication and Incidence of Childhood- and Adolescence-Onset Psychiatric Disorders.  JAMA Neurol 2023; 80:568-577  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Dreier (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2023
                 | 
                
                     Dreier Prenatal Exposure to Antiseizure Medication and Incidence of Childhood- and Adolescence-Onset Psychiatric Disorders.  JAMA Neurol 2023; 80:568-577  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Ertürk Çetin (Epilepsy) (Levetiracetam), 2024
                 | 
                
                     Ertürk Çetin Minor/Major Congenital Malformations and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Children Prenatally Exposed to Levetiracetam, Lamotrigine, and Carbamazepine Monotherapy.  Clin Neuropharmacol 2024; :  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Hao (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls exposed to LTG), 2025
                 | 
                
                     Hao Seizure control and pregnancy outcomes in Chinese women with epilepsy: A prospective multicenter cohort study.  Epilepsia 2025; :  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Hao (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2025
                 | 
                
                     Hao Seizure control and pregnancy outcomes in Chinese women with epilepsy: A prospective multicenter cohort study.  Epilepsia 2025; :  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Hernández-Díaz (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy), 2012
                 | 
                
                     Hernández-Díaz Comparative safety of antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy.  Neurology 2012;78:1692-9  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Hoeltzenbein (Levetiracetam), 2024
                 | 
                
                     Hoeltzenbein Antiepileptic treatment with levetiracetam during the first trimester and pregnancy outcome: An observational study.  Epilepsia 2024; 65:26-36  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Hosny (Levetiracetam) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2021
                 | 
                
                     Hosny Risk factors of fetal deaths and major birth defects in newborns of women with epilepsy: An Egyptian prospective study.  Epilepsy Behav 2021; 123:108251  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Hosny (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021
                 | 
                
                     Hosny Risk factors of fetal deaths and major birth defects in newborns of women with epilepsy: An Egyptian prospective study.  Epilepsy Behav 2021; 123:108251  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Huber-Mollema (Levetiracetam), 2019
                 | 
                
                     Huber-Mollema Behavioral problems in children of mothers with epilepsy prenatally exposed to valproate, carbamazepine, lamotrigine, or levetiracetam monotherapy.  Epilepsia 2019; 60:1069-1082  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Husebye (Levetiracetam) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2020
                 | 
                
                     Husebye Language impairment in children aged 5 and 8 years after antiepileptic drug exposure in utero - the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study.  Eur J Neurol 2020; 27:667-675  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Husebye (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2020
                 | 
                
                     Husebye Language impairment in children aged 5 and 8 years after antiepileptic drug exposure in utero - the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study.  Eur J Neurol 2020; 27:667-675  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Husebye (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2020
                 | 
                
                     Husebye Language impairment in children aged 5 and 8 years after antiepileptic drug exposure in utero - the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study.  Eur J Neurol 2020; 27:667-675  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Kilic (Levetiracetam) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick) (Mixed indications), 2014
                 | 
                
                     Kilic D Birth outcomes after prenatal exposure to antiepileptic drugs--a population-based study.  Epilepsia 2014;55:1714-21  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Kilic (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed NOS) (Mixed indications), 2014
                 | 
                
                     Kilic D Birth outcomes after prenatal exposure to antiepileptic drugs--a population-based study.  Epilepsia 2014;55:1714-21  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Kilic (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick) (Mixed indications), 2014
                 | 
                
                     Kilic D Birth outcomes after prenatal exposure to antiepileptic drugs--a population-based study.  Epilepsia 2014;55:1714-21  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Koc (Levetiracetam), 2018
                 | 
                
                     Koc Fetal safety of levetiracetam use during pregnancy.  Acta Neurol Belg 2018; 118:503-508  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Li (Levetiracetam) (Controls exposed to LTG), 2023
                 | 
                
                     He Pregnancy outcome in women with epilepsy in Western China: A prospective hospital based study.  Epilepsy Behav 2017; 74:10-14  Li Pregnancy characteristics and adverse outcomes in offspring of women with epilepsy: a prospective registry study from Mainland China.  Front Neurol 2023; 14:1195003  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Li (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2023
                 | 
                
                     He Pregnancy outcome in women with epilepsy in Western China: A prospective hospital based study.  Epilepsy Behav 2017; 74:10-14  Li Pregnancy characteristics and adverse outcomes in offspring of women with epilepsy: a prospective registry study from Mainland China.  Front Neurol 2023; 14:1195003  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Madley-Dowd_SE (Levetiracetam) (Controls exposed to LTG) (Mixed indications), 2024
                 | 
                
                     Madley-Dowd Antiseizure medication use during pregnancy and children's neurodevelopmental outcomes.  Nat Commun 2024; 15:9640  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Madley-Dowd_SE (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, general pop) (Mixed indications), 2024
                 | 
                
                     Madley-Dowd Antiseizure medication use during pregnancy and children's neurodevelopmental outcomes.  Nat Commun 2024; 15:9640  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Madley-Dowd_SE (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sibling) (Mixed indications), 2024
                 | 
                
                     Madley-Dowd Antiseizure medication use during pregnancy and children's neurodevelopmental outcomes.  Nat Commun 2024; 15:9640  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Madley-Dowd_UK (Levetiracetam) (Controls exposed to LTG) (Mixed indications), 2024
                 | 
                
                     Madley-Dowd Antiseizure medication use during pregnancy and children's neurodevelopmental outcomes.  Nat Commun 2024; 15:9640  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Madley-Dowd_UK (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, general pop) (Mixed indications), 2024
                 | 
                
                     Madley-Dowd Antiseizure medication use during pregnancy and children's neurodevelopmental outcomes.  Nat Commun 2024; 15:9640  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Madley-Dowd_UK (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sibling) (Mixed indications), 2024
                 | 
                
                     Madley-Dowd Antiseizure medication use during pregnancy and children's neurodevelopmental outcomes.  Nat Commun 2024; 15:9640  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Margulis (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy), 2019
                 | 
                
                     Margulis Relation of in-utero exposure to antiepileptic drugs to pregnancy duration and size at birth.  PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214180  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Mari (Levetiracetam), 2022
                 | 
                
                     Mari Levetiracetam, lamotrigine and carbamazepine: which monotherapy during pregnancy?  Neurol Sci 2022; 43:1993-2001  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Meador (Controls exposed to LTG), 2023
                 | 
                
                     Meador Two-Year-Old Cognitive Outcomes in Children of Pregnant Women With Epilepsy in the Maternal Outcomes and Neurodevelopmental Effects of Antiepileptic Drugs Study.  JAMA Neurol 2021; 78:927-936  Meador Cognitive outcomes at age 3 years in children with fetal exposure to antiseizure medications (MONEAD study) in the USA: a prospective, observational cohort study.  Lancet Neurol 2023; 22:712-722  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Meador (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2023
                 | 
                
                     Meador Two-Year-Old Cognitive Outcomes in Children of Pregnant Women With Epilepsy in the Maternal Outcomes and Neurodevelopmental Effects of Antiepileptic Drugs Study.  JAMA Neurol 2021; 78:927-936  Meador Cognitive outcomes at age 3 years in children with fetal exposure to antiseizure medications (MONEAD study) in the USA: a prospective, observational cohort study.  Lancet Neurol 2023; 22:712-722  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Meador (Levetiracetam) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2020
                 | 
                
                     Meador Fetal loss and malformations in the MONEAD study of pregnant women with epilepsy.  Neurology 2020; 94:e1502-e1511  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Meador (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2020
                 | 
                
                     Meador Fetal loss and malformations in the MONEAD study of pregnant women with epilepsy.  Neurology 2020; 94:e1502-e1511  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Meador (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2020
                 | 
                
                     Meador Fetal loss and malformations in the MONEAD study of pregnant women with epilepsy.  Neurology 2020; 94:e1502-e1511  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Morrow (Levetiracetam) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2006
                 | 
                
                     Morrow J Malformation risks of antiepileptic drugs in pregnancy: a prospective study from the UK Epilepsy and Pregnancy Register.  J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2006;77:193-8  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Morrow (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2006
                 | 
                
                     Morrow J Malformation risks of antiepileptic drugs in pregnancy: a prospective study from the UK Epilepsy and Pregnancy Register.  J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2006;77:193-8  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Pekoz (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls exposed to LTG), 2023
                 | 
                
                     Pekoz Birth outcomes in pregnant women with epilepsy: A Nationwide multicenter study from Turkiye.  Epilepsia 2023; 64:2310-2321  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Pekoz (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2023
                 | 
                
                     Pekoz Birth outcomes in pregnant women with epilepsy: A Nationwide multicenter study from Turkiye.  Epilepsia 2023; 64:2310-2321  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Razaz (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy), 2024
                 | 
                
                     Razaz Risk of Perinatal and Maternal Morbidity and Mortality Among Pregnant Women With Epilepsy.  JAMA Neurol 2024; 81:985-995  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Richards (Levetiracetam) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick) (Indications NOS), 2019
                 | 
                
                     Richards Developmental outcomes at age four following maternal antiepileptic drug use.  Epilepsy Behav 2019; 93:73-79  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Richards (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, NOS) (Indications NOS), 2019
                 | 
                
                     Richards Developmental outcomes at age four following maternal antiepileptic drug use.  Epilepsy Behav 2019; 93:73-79  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Shallcross (Levetiracetam), 2011
                 | 
                
                     Shallcross Child development following in utero exposure: levetiracetam vs sodium valproate.  Neurology 2011; 76:383-9  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Stjerna (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy), 2024
                 | 
                
                     Huber-Mollema Neurocognition after prenatal levetiracetam, lamotrigine, carbamazepine or valproate exposure.  J Neurol 2020; 267:1724-1736  Stjerna Cognitive outcomes after fetal exposure to carbamazepine, lamotrigine, valproate or levetiracetam monotherapy: Data from the EURAP neurocognitive extension protocol.  Epilepsy Behav 2024; 159:110024  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    The NAAED (Levetiracetam) (Controls exposed to LTG) (Indications NOS), 2023
                 | 
                
                     Hernández-Díaz Comparative safety of antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy.  Neurology 2012;78:1692-9  Lewis B. Holmes, M.D. (Director) Risk of malformations for specific AED in monotherapy and the control groups (Latest Study Data - October 2023)  https://www.aedpregnancyregistry.org/ (Consulted 05/2022)  Lewis Holmes Risk of malformations for specific AED in monotherapy and the control groups.  Latest Study Data - October 2023. https://www.aedpregnancyregistry.org/ (Consulted September 2024)  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    The NAAED (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, disease free) (Indications NOS), 2023
                 | 
                
                     Hernández-Díaz Comparative safety of antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy.  Neurology 2012;78:1692-9  Lewis B. Holmes, M.D. (Director) Risk of malformations for specific AED in monotherapy and the control groups (Annual Update for 2022)  https://www.aedpregnancyregistry.org/ (Consulted 05/2022)  Lewis Holmes Risk of malformations for specific AED in monotherapy and the control groups.  Latest Study Data - October 2023. https://www.aedpregnancyregistry.org/ (Consulted September 2024)  Wyszynski Increased rate of major malformations in offspring exposed to valproate during pregnancy.  Neurology 2005; 64:961-5  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Thomas (Levetiracetam) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2021
                 | 
                
                     Keni Teratogenicity of antiepileptic dual therapy: Dose-dependent, drug-specific, or both?  Neurology 2018; 90:e790-e796  Thomas Malformation risk of antiepileptic drug exposure during pregnancy in women with epilepsy: Results from a pregnancy registry in South India.  Epilepsia 2017; 58:274-281  Thomas Malformation risk of new anti-epileptic drugs in women with epilepsy; observational data from the Kerala registry of epilepsy and pregnancy (KREP).  Seizure 2021; 93:127-132  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Thomas (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2021
                 | 
                
                     Thomas Malformation risk of antiepileptic drug exposure during pregnancy in women with epilepsy: Results from a pregnancy registry in South India.  Epilepsia 2017; 58:274-281  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Thomas (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021
                 | 
                
                     Thomas Malformation risk of antiepileptic drug exposure during pregnancy in women with epilepsy: Results from a pregnancy registry in South India.  Epilepsia 2017; 58:274-281  Thomas Malformation risk of new anti-epileptic drugs in women with epilepsy; observational data from the Kerala registry of epilepsy and pregnancy (KREP).  Seizure 2021; 93:127-132  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Thomas (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls exposed to LTG), 2022
                 | 
                
                     Thomas, S.V. Differential impact of antenatal exposure to antiseizure medications on motor and mental development in infants of women with epilepsy  Epileptic Disord. 2022; 24:531-.  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Thomas (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2022
                 | 
                
                     Thomas, S.V. Differential impact of antenatal exposure to antiseizure medications on motor and mental development in infants of women with epilepsy  Epileptic Disord. 2022; 24:531-.  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Tomson (Levetiracetam), 2018
                 | 
                
                     Martinez Ferri Comparative study of antiepileptic drug use during pregnancy over a period of 12 years in Spain. Efficacy of the newer antiepileptic drugs lamotrigine, levetiracetam, and oxcarbazepine.  Neurologia 2018; 33:78-84  Tomson Comparative risk of major congenital malformations with eight different antiepileptic drugs: a prospective cohort study of the EURAP registry.  Lancet Neurol 2018; 17:530-538  Tomson T Dose-dependent risk of malformations with antiepileptic drugs: an analysis of data from the EURAP epilepsy and pregnancy registry.  Lancet Neurol 2011;10:609-17  
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                | 
                    Tomson (Levetiracetam), 2015
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                     Tomson T Antiepileptic drugs and intrauterine death: A prospective observational study from EURAP.  Neurology 2015;85:580-8  
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                | 
                    Trivedi (Levetiracetam) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2018
                 | 
                
                     Trivedi Spontaneous fetal loss in women with epilepsy: prospective data from pregnancy registry in India.  Epilepsy Res 2018; 146:50-53  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Trivedi (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2018
                 | 
                
                     Trivedi Spontaneous fetal loss in women with epilepsy: prospective data from pregnancy registry in India.  Epilepsy Res 2018; 146:50-53  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Vajda (Levetiracetam) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2013
                 | 
                
                     Vajda Associations between particular types of fetal malformation and antiepileptic drug exposure in utero.  Acta Neurol. Scand. 2013; 128:228-34  
                 | 
            
            
            
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                    Vajda (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2013
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                     Vajda Associations between particular types of fetal malformation and antiepileptic drug exposure in utero.  Acta Neurol Scand 2013; 128:228-34  Vajda Antiepileptic drugs and foetal malformation: analysis of 20 years of data in a pregnancy register.  Seizure 2019; 65:6-11  
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                | 
                    Vajda a (Levetiracetam) (Controls exposed to LTG) (Epilepsy), 2024
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                     Vajda Pregnancy, antiseizure medications and unexplained intrauterine foetal death.  Epilepsy Behav 2024; 153:109724  Vajda Anti-epileptic drug exposure and risk of foetal death in utero.  Acta Neurol Scand 2018; 137:20-23  
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                | 
                    Vajda a (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed sick) (Epilepsy), 2024
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                     Vajda Pregnancy, antiseizure medications and unexplained intrauterine foetal death.  Epilepsy Behav 2024; 153:109724  Vajda Anti-epileptic drug exposure and risk of foetal death in utero.  Acta Neurol Scand 2018; 137:20-23  
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                    Vajda b (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2024
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                     Vajda Teratogenicity of the newer antiepileptic drugs--the Australian experience.  J Clin Neurosci 2012; 19:57-9  Vajda Is lamotrigine a significant human teratogen? Observations from the Australian Pregnancy Register.  Seizure 2010; 19:558-61  Vajda The prescribing of antiepileptic drugs for pregnant Australian women.  Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2012; 52:49-53  Vajda Associations between particular types of fetal malformation and antiepileptic drug exposure in utero.  Acta Neurol Scand 2013; 128:228-34  Vajda The teratogenic risk of antiepileptic drug polytherapy.  Epilepsia 2010; 51:805-10  Vajda The Australian Register of Antiepileptic Drugs in Pregnancy: the first 1002 pregnancies.  Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2007; 47:468-74  Vajda Antiepileptic drugs and foetal malformation: analysis of 20 years of data in a pregnancy register.  Seizure 2019; 65:6-11  Vajda The teratogenicity of the newer antiepileptic drugs - an update.  Acta Neurol Scand 2014; 130:234-8  Vajda The teratogenesis risk associated with antiseizure medication duotherapy in women with epilepsy.  Epilepsy Res 2024; 200:107316  
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                | 
                    Vajda b (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2024
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                     Vajda Teratogenicity of the newer antiepileptic drugs--the Australian experience.  J Clin Neurosci 2012; 19:57-9  Vajda Is lamotrigine a significant human teratogen? Observations from the Australian Pregnancy Register.  Seizure 2010; 19:558-61  Vajda The prescribing of antiepileptic drugs for pregnant Australian women.  Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2012; 52:49-53  Vajda Associations between particular types of fetal malformation and antiepileptic drug exposure in utero.  Acta Neurol Scand 2013; 128:228-34  Vajda The teratogenic risk of antiepileptic drug polytherapy.  Epilepsia 2010; 51:805-10  Vajda The Australian Register of Antiepileptic Drugs in Pregnancy: the first 1002 pregnancies.  Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2007; 47:468-74  Vajda Antiepileptic drugs and foetal malformation: analysis of 20 years of data in a pregnancy register.  Seizure 2019; 65:6-11  Vajda The teratogenicity of the newer antiepileptic drugs - an update.  Acta Neurol Scand 2014; 130:234-8  Vajda The teratogenesis risk associated with antiseizure medication duotherapy in women with epilepsy.  Epilepsy Res 2024; 200:107316  
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                | 
                    Van Marter (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2021
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                     Van Marter, L.J. Neonatal Outcomes in the MONEAD Study of Pregnant Women with Epilepsy  Journal of Pediatrics: X 2021; 7:514-.  
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                | 
                    Van Marter (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021
                 | 
                
                     Van Marter, L.J. Neonatal Outcomes in the MONEAD Study of Pregnant Women with Epilepsy  Journal of Pediatrics: X 2021; 7:514-.  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Veiby (Levetiracetam) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2014
                 | 
                
                     Veiby Fetal growth restriction and birth defects with newer and older antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy.  J. Neurol. 2014; 261:579-88  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Veiby (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2014
                 | 
                
                     Veiby Fetal growth restriction and birth defects with newer and older antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy.  J. Neurol. 2014; 261:579-88  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Veiby (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014
                 | 
                
                     Veiby Fetal growth restriction and birth defects with newer and older antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy.  J. Neurol. 2014; 261:579-88  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Videman (Levetiracetam) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2016
                 | 
                
                     Videman Evidence for spared attention to faces in 7-month-old infants after prenatal exposure to antiepileptic drugs.  Epilepsy Behav 2016; 64:62-68  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Videman (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2016
                 | 
                
                     Videman Evidence for spared attention to faces in 7-month-old infants after prenatal exposure to antiepileptic drugs.  Epilepsy Behav 2016; 64:62-68  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Wiggs (Epilepsy) (Levetiracetam), 2024
                 | 
                
                     K?ll?n The use of central nervous system active drugs during pregnancy.  Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2013; 6:1221-86  Wiggs Specific Birth Defects Following Antiseizure Medications Used By Pregnant Women With Epilepsy.  Neurol Clin Pract 2024; 14:e200289  
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