| Study | 
                Reference | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Adams (Phenobarbital), 2022
                 | 
                
                     Adams Neuropsychological effects in children exposed to anticonvulsant monotherapy during gestation: Phenobarbital, carbamazepine, and phenytoin.  Epilepsy Behav 2022; 127:108533  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Al Bunyan (Phenobarbital), 1999
                 | 
                
                     Al Bunyan Outcome of pregnancies in epileptic women: a study in Saudi Arabia.,Outcome of pregnancies in epileptic women: a study in Saudi Arabia.  Seizure 1999; 8:26-9  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Bànhidy (Phenobarbital), 2011
                 | 
                
                     Bànhidy Efficacy of medical care of epileptic pregnant women based on the rate of congenital abnormalities in their offspring.  Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2011; 51:34-42  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Barroso (Phenobarbital), 2015
                 | 
                
                     Barroso Perinatal outcomes from the use of antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy: a case-control study.  J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2015; 28:1445-50  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Battino (Phenobarbital), 1992
                 | 
                
                     Battino Malformations in offspring of 305 epileptic women: a prospective study.  Acta Neurol Scand 1992; 85:204-7  Canger Malformations in offspring of women with epilepsy: a prospective study.  Epilepsia 1999; 40:1231-6  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Battino (Phenobarbital), 1999
                 | 
                
                     Battino Intrauterine growth in the offspring of epileptic women: a prospective multicenter study.  Epilepsy Res 1999; 36:53-60  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Battino (Phenobarbital) (Epilepsy), 2024
                 | 
                
                     Battino Risk of Major Congenital Malformations and Exposure to Antiseizure Medication Monotherapy.  JAMA Neurol 2024; 81:481-489  Tomson Comparative risk of major congenital malformations with eight different antiepileptic drugs: a prospective cohort study of the EURAP registry.  Lancet Neurol 2018; 17:530-538  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Bech (Phenobarbital) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick) (Other indications), 2018
                 | 
                
                     Bech In utero exposure to antiepileptic drugs is associated with learning disabilities among offspring.  J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2018; 89:1324-1331  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Bech (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick) (Other indications), 2018
                 | 
                
                     Bech In utero exposure to antiepileptic drugs is associated with learning disabilities among offspring.  J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2018; 89:1324-1331  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Bjørk (Phenobarbital) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick) (Mixed indications), 2022
                 | 
                
                     Bjørk Association of Prenatal Exposure to Antiseizure Medication With Risk of Autism and Intellectual Disability.  JAMA Neurol 2022; :  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Bjørk (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed NOS) (Mixed indications), 2022
                 | 
                
                     Bjørk Association of Prenatal Exposure to Antiseizure Medication With Risk of Autism and Intellectual Disability.  JAMA Neurol 2022; :  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Bjørk (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick) (Mixed indications), 2022
                 | 
                
                     Bjørk Association of Prenatal Exposure to Antiseizure Medication With Risk of Autism and Intellectual Disability.  JAMA Neurol 2022; :  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Blotière (Phenobarbital) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick) (Mixed indications), 2019
                 | 
                
                     Blotière Risks of 23 specific malformations associated with prenatal exposure to 10 antiepileptic drugs.  Neurology 2019; 93:e167-e180  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Blotière (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed NOS) (Mixed indications), 2019
                 | 
                
                     Blotière Risks of 23 specific malformations associated with prenatal exposure to 10 antiepileptic drugs.  Neurology 2019; 93:e167-e180  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Burja (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2006
                 | 
                
                     Burja The frequency of neonatal morbidity after exposure to antiepileptic drugs in utero: a retrospective population-based study.  Wien Klin Wochenschr 2006; 118 Suppl 2:12-6  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Burja (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2006
                 | 
                
                     Burja The frequency of neonatal morbidity after exposure to antiepileptic drugs in utero: a retrospective population-based study.  Wien Klin Wochenschr 2006; 118 Suppl 2:12-6  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Canger (Phenobarbital), 1999
                 | 
                
                     Canger Malformations in offspring of women with epilepsy: a prospective study.  Epilepsia 1999; 40:1231-6  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Cassina (Phenobarbital) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick) (Other indications), 2013
                 | 
                
                     Cassina M Pregnancy outcome in women exposed to antiepileptic drugs: teratogenic role of maternal epilepsy and its pharmacologic treatment.  Reprod Toxicol 2013;39:50-7  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Cassina (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, disease free) (Other indications), 2013
                 | 
                
                     Cassina M Pregnancy outcome in women exposed to antiepileptic drugs: teratogenic role of maternal epilepsy and its pharmacologic treatment.  Reprod Toxicol 2013;39:50-7  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Christensen (Phenobarbital) (All indications) (Controls exposed to LTG), 2024
                 | 
                
                     Christensen Prenatal exposure to antiseizure medications and fetal growth: a population-based cohort study from the Nordic countries.  Lancet Reg Health Eur 2024; 38:100849  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Christensen (Phenobarbital) (All indications) (Controls unexposed, general population), 2024
                 | 
                
                     Christensen Prenatal exposure to antiseizure medications and fetal growth: a population-based cohort study from the Nordic countries.  Lancet Reg Health Eur 2024; 38:100849  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Coste (Phenobarbital) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2020
                 | 
                
                     Coste Risk of early neurodevelopmental disorders associated with in utero exposure to valproate and other antiepileptic drugs: a nationwide cohort study in France.  Sci Rep 2020; 10:17362  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Coste (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2020
                 | 
                
                     Coste Risk of early neurodevelopmental disorders associated with in utero exposure to valproate and other antiepileptic drugs: a nationwide cohort study in France.  Sci Rep 2020; 10:17362  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    D'Souza (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 1991
                 | 
                
                     D'Souza Fetal phenytoin exposure, hypoplastic nails, and jitteriness.  Arch Dis Child 1991; 66:320-4  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    D'Souza (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991
                 | 
                
                     D'Souza Fetal phenytoin exposure, hypoplastic nails, and jitteriness.  Arch Dis Child 1991; 66:320-4  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Dean (Phenobarbital), 2002
                 | 
                
                     Dean Fetal anticonvulsant syndromes and polymorphisms in MTHFR, MTR, and MTRR.  Am J Med Genet A 2007; 143A:2303-11  Dean Long term health and neurodevelopment in children exposed to antiepileptic drugs before birth.  J Med Genet 2002; 39:251-9  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Dean (Phenobarbital) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2007
                 | 
                
                     Dean Fetal anticonvulsant syndromes and polymorphisms in MTHFR, MTR, and MTRR.  Am J Med Genet A 2007; 143A:2303-11  Dean Long term health and neurodevelopment in children exposed to antiepileptic drugs before birth.  J Med Genet 2002; 39:251-9  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Dean (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2007
                 | 
                
                     Dean Fetal anticonvulsant syndromes and polymorphisms in MTHFR, MTR, and MTRR.  Am J Med Genet A 2007; 143A:2303-11  Dean Long term health and neurodevelopment in children exposed to antiepileptic drugs before birth.  J Med Genet 2002; 39:251-9  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Díaz-Romero (Phenobarbital), 1999
                 | 
                
                     Díaz-Romero Facial anthropometric measurements in offspring of epileptic mothers.  Arch Med Res ; 30:186-9  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Dravet (Phenobarbital), 1992
                 | 
                
                     Dravet Epilepsy, antiepileptic drugs, and malformations in children of women with epilepsy: a French prospective cohort study.  Neurology 1992; 42:75-82  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Elkjaer (Phenobarbital), 2018
                 | 
                
                     Elkjaer Association Between Prenatal Valproate Exposure and Performance on Standardized Language and Mathematics Tests in School-aged Children.  JAMA Neurol 2018; 75:663-671  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Endo (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2004
                 | 
                
                     Endo Statistics on deliveries of mothers with epilepsy at Yokohama City University Hospital.  Epilepsia 2004; 45 Suppl 8:42-7  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Endo (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2004
                 | 
                
                     Endo Statistics on deliveries of mothers with epilepsy at Yokohama City University Hospital.  Epilepsia 2004; 45 Suppl 8:42-7  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Fedrick (Phenobarbital), 1973
                 | 
                
                     Fedrick Epilepsy and pregnancy: a report from the Oxford Record Linkage Study.  Br Med J 1973; 2:442-8  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Guveli (Phenobarbital) (Epilepsy), 2017
                 | 
                
                     Guveli Teratogenicity of Antiepileptic Drugs.  Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci 2017; 15:19-27  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Hernández-Díaz (Phenobarbital), 2017
                 | 
                
                     Hernández-Díaz Fetal growth and premature delivery in pregnant women on antiepileptic drugs.  Ann Neurol 2017; 82:457-465  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Hernández-Díaz (Phenobarbital) (Epilepsy), 2012
                 | 
                
                     Hernández-Díaz Comparative safety of antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy.  Neurology 2012;78:1692-9  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Holmes (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2001
                 | 
                
                     Holmes The teratogenicity of anticonvulsant drugs.  N Engl J Med 2001; 344:1132-8  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Holmes (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2001
                 | 
                
                     Holmes The teratogenicity of anticonvulsant drugs.  N Engl J Med 2001; 344:1132-8  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Kaaja (Phenobarbital), 2003
                 | 
                
                     Kaaja Major malformations in offspring of women with epilepsy.  Neurology 2003; 60:575-9  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Källén (Phenobarbital) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick)  (Indications NOS), 2013
                 | 
                
                     Källén The use of central nervous system active drugs during pregnancy.  Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2013; 6:1221-86  Wide Major malformations in infants exposed to antiepileptic drugs in utero, with emphasis on carbamazepine and valproic acid: a nation-wide, population-based register study.  Acta Paediatr 2004; 93:174-6  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Källén (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, NOS)  (Indications NOS), 2013
                 | 
                
                     Källén The use of central nervous system active drugs during pregnancy.  Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2013; 6:1221-86  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Kaneko (Phenobarbital), 1999
                 | 
                
                     Battino Malformations in offspring of 305 epileptic women: a prospective study.  Acta Neurol Scand 1992; 85:204-7  Canger Malformations in offspring of women with epilepsy: a prospective study.  Epilepsia 1999; 40:1231-6  Dansky Major congenital malformations in the offspring of epileptic patients: genetic and environmental risk factors.  Epilepsy, Pregnancy and the Child. New York: Raven Press; 1982  Kaneko Congenital malformations due to antiepileptic drugs.  Epilepsy Res 1999; 33:145-58  Kaneko Teratogenicity of antiepileptic drugs: analysis of possible risk factors.  Epilepsia ; 29:459-67  Oguni Improved pregnancy outcome in epileptic women in the last decade: relationship to maternal anticonvulsant therapy.  Brain Dev 1992; 14:371-80  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Kasradze (Phenobarbital) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2017
                 | 
                
                     Kasradze Cognitive functions in children exposed to antiepileptic drugs in utero - Study in Georgia.  Epilepsy Behav 2017; 66:105-112  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Kasradze (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2017
                 | 
                
                     Kasradze Cognitive functions in children exposed to antiepileptic drugs in utero - Study in Georgia.  Epilepsy Behav 2017; 66:105-112  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Katz (Phenobarbital), 2001
                 | 
                
                     Katz Current Management of Epilepsy and Pregnancy: Fetal Outcome, Congenital Malformations, and Developmental Delay.  Epilepsy Behav 2001; 2:119-123  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Kelly (Phenobarbital), 1984
                 | 
                
                     Kelly Teratogenicity of anticonvulsant drugs. II: A prospective study.  Am J Med Genet 1984; 19:435-43  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Kilic (Phenobarbital) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick) (Mixed indications), 2014
                 | 
                
                     Kilic D Birth outcomes after prenatal exposure to antiepileptic drugs--a population-based study.  Epilepsia 2014;55:1714-21  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Kilic (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed NOS) (Mixed indications), 2014
                 | 
                
                     Kilic D Birth outcomes after prenatal exposure to antiepileptic drugs--a population-based study.  Epilepsia 2014;55:1714-21  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Kilic (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick) (Mixed indications), 2014
                 | 
                
                     Kilic D Birth outcomes after prenatal exposure to antiepileptic drugs--a population-based study.  Epilepsia 2014;55:1714-21  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Kini (Phenobarbital) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2006
                 | 
                
                     Kini Dysmorphic features: an important clue to the diagnosis and severity of fetal anticonvulsant syndromes.  Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2006; 91:F90-5  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Kini (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2006
                 | 
                
                     Kini Dysmorphic features: an important clue to the diagnosis and severity of fetal anticonvulsant syndromes.  Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2006; 91:F90-5  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Koch (Phenobarbital), 1996
                 | 
                
                     Koch Antiepileptic drug treatment in pregnancy: drug side effects in the neonate and neurological outcome.  Acta Paediatr 1996; 85:739-46  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Leite (Phenobarbital) (Epilepsy), 2024
                 | 
                
                     Leite Obstetric and neonatal outcomes, antiseizure medication profile, and seizure types in pregnant women in a vulnerability state from Brazil.  PLoS One 2024; 19:e0291190  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Lowe (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 1973
                 | 
                
                     Lowe Congenital malformations among infants born to epileptic women.  Lancet 1973; 1:9-10  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Lowe (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1973
                 | 
                
                     Lowe Congenital malformations among infants born to epileptic women.  Lancet 1973; 1:9-10  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Miškov (Phenobarbital) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2016
                 | 
                
                     Miskov Croatian Pregnant Women with Epilepsy and Effects of Antiepileptic Drugs Exposure in their Offspring - seven years of prospective surveillance.  American Epilepsy Society; Texas 2010  Miskov The Croatian Model of Integrative Prospective Management of Epilepsy and Pregnancy  Acta Clin Croat 2016; 55:535-548  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Miškov (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2016
                 | 
                
                     Miskov Croatian Pregnant Women with Epilepsy and Effects of Antiepileptic Drugs Exposure in their Offspring - seven years of prospective surveillance.  American Epilepsy Society; Texas 2010  Miskov The Croatian Model of Integrative Prospective Management of Epilepsy and Pregnancy  Acta Clin Croat 2016; 55:535-548  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Miškov (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2016
                 | 
                
                     Miskov Croatian Pregnant Women with Epilepsy and Effects of Antiepileptic Drugs Exposure in their Offspring - seven years of prospective surveillance.  American Epilepsy Society; Texas 2010  Miskov The Croatian Model of Integrative Prospective Management of Epilepsy and Pregnancy  Acta Clin Croat 2016; 55:535-548  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Robert (Phenobarbital), 1986
                 | 
                
                     Robert Evaluation of drug therapy and teratogenic risk in a Rhone-Alpes district population of pregnant epileptic women.  Eur Neurol 1986; 25:436-43  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Samrén (Phenobarbital), 1999
                 | 
                
                     Samrén Antiepileptic drug regimens and major congenital abnormalities in the offspring.  Ann Neurol 1999; 46:739-46  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Shankaran (Phenobarbital) (Other indications), 1996
                 | 
                
                     Shankaran Antenatal phenobarbital therapy and neonatal outcome. II: Neurodevelopmental outcome at 36 months.,Antenatal phenobarbital therapy and neonatal outcome. II: Neurodevelopmental outcome at 36 months.  Pediatrics 1996; 97:649-52  Shankaran Neurodevelopmental outcome of premature infants after antenatal phenobarbital exposure.  Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002; 187:171-7  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Shankaran (Phenobarbital) (Other indications), 2002
                 | 
                
                     Shankaran Neurodevelopmental outcome of premature infants after antenatal phenobarbital exposure.  Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002; 187:171-7  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Steegers-Theunissen (Phenobarbital), 1994
                 | 
                
                     Steegers-Theunissen Factors influencing the risk of abnormal pregnancy outcome in epileptic women: a multi-centre prospective study.  Epilepsy Res 1994; 18:261-9  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    The NAAED (Phenobarbital) (Controls exposed to LTG) (Indications NOS), 2023
                 | 
                
                     Hernández-Díaz Comparative safety of antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy.  Neurology 2012;78:1692-9  Holmes North American antiepileptic drug pregnancy registry.  Epilepsia 2004; 45:1465  Lewis B. Holmes, M.D. (Director) Risk of malformations for specific AED in monotherapy and the control groups (Latest Study Data - October 2023)  https://www.aedpregnancyregistry.org/ (Consulted 05/2022)  Lewis Holmes Risk of malformations for specific AED in monotherapy and the control groups.  Latest Study Data - October 2023. https://www.aedpregnancyregistry.org/ (Consulted September 2024)  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    The NAAED (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, disease free) (Indications NOS), 2023
                 | 
                
                     Hernández-Díaz Comparative safety of antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy.  Neurology 2012;78:1692-9  Holmes North American antiepileptic drug pregnancy registry.  Epilepsia 2004; 45:1465  Lewis B. Holmes, M.D. (Director) Risk of malformations for specific AED in monotherapy and the control groups (Annual Update for 2022)  https://www.aedpregnancyregistry.org/ (Consulted 05/2022)  Lewis Holmes Risk of malformations for specific AED in monotherapy and the control groups.  Latest Study Data - October 2023. https://www.aedpregnancyregistry.org/ (Consulted September 2024)  Wyszynski Increased rate of major malformations in offspring exposed to valproate during pregnancy.  Neurology 2005; 64:961-5  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Thomas (Phenobarbital) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2021
                 | 
                
                     Keni Teratogenicity of antiepileptic dual therapy: Dose-dependent, drug-specific, or both?  Neurology 2018; 90:e790-e796  Thomas Malformation risk of antiepileptic drug exposure during pregnancy in women with epilepsy: Results from a pregnancy registry in South India.  Epilepsia 2017; 58:274-281  Thomas Malformation risk of new anti-epileptic drugs in women with epilepsy; observational data from the Kerala registry of epilepsy and pregnancy (KREP).  Seizure 2021; 93:127-132  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Thomas (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2021
                 | 
                
                     Thomas Malformation risk of antiepileptic drug exposure during pregnancy in women with epilepsy: Results from a pregnancy registry in South India.  Epilepsia 2017; 58:274-281  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Thomas (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021
                 | 
                
                     Thomas Cardiac malformations are increased in infants of mothers with epilepsy.  Pediatr Cardiol 2008; 29:604-8  Thomas Malformation risk of antiepileptic drug exposure during pregnancy in women with epilepsy: Results from a pregnancy registry in South India.  Epilepsia 2017; 58:274-281  Thomas Malformation risk of new anti-epileptic drugs in women with epilepsy; observational data from the Kerala registry of epilepsy and pregnancy (KREP).  Seizure 2021; 93:127-132  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Thomas a (Phenobarbital), 2008
                 | 
                
                     Thomas Cardiac malformations are increased in infants of mothers with epilepsy.  Pediatr Cardiol 2008; 29:604-8  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Thomas a (Phenobarbitone), 2022
                 | 
                
                     Gopinath Children (10-12 years age) of women with epilepsy have lower intelligence, attention and memory: Observations from a prospective cohort case control study.  Epilepsy Res 2015; 117:58-62  Sreedharan Reduced brain volumes in children of women with epilepsy: A neuropsychological and voxel based morphometric analysis in pre-adolescent children.  J Neuroradiol 2018; 45:380-385  Thomas Intellectual and language functions in children of mothers with epilepsy.  Epilepsia 2007; 48:2234-40  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Thomas b (Phenobarbitone) (Epilepsy) (Controls exposed to LTG), 2022
                 | 
                
                     Thomas Motor and mental development of infants exposed to antiepileptic drugs in utero.  Epilepsy Behav 2008; 13:229-36  Thomas, S.V. Differential impact of antenatal exposure to antiseizure medications on motor and mental development in infants of women with epilepsy  Epileptic Disord. 2022; 24:531-.  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Thomas b (Phenobarbitone) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2022
                 | 
                
                     Thomas Motor and mental development of infants exposed to antiepileptic drugs in utero.  Epilepsy Behav 2008; 13:229-36  Thomas, S.V. Differential impact of antenatal exposure to antiseizure medications on motor and mental development in infants of women with epilepsy  Epileptic Disord. 2022; 24:531-.  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Titze (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2008
                 | 
                
                     Titze Prenatal and family risks of children born to mothers with epilepsy: effects on cognitive development.  Dev Med Child Neurol 2008; 50:117-22  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Titze (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2008
                 | 
                
                     Titze Prenatal and family risks of children born to mothers with epilepsy: effects on cognitive development.  Dev Med Child Neurol 2008; 50:117-22  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Tomson (Phenobarbital), 2018
                 | 
                
                     Martínez Ferri [Malformations and fetal death in the Spanish antiepileptic drug and pregnancy registry: results at 6 years].  Neurologia ; 24:360-5  Tomson Comparative risk of major congenital malformations with eight different antiepileptic drugs: a prospective cohort study of the EURAP registry.  Lancet Neurol 2018; 17:530-538  Tomson Dose-dependent risk of malformations with antiepileptic drugs: an analysis of data from the EURAP epilepsy and pregnancy registry.  Lancet Neurol 2011; 10:609-17  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Tomson (Phenobarbital), 2015
                 | 
                
                     Tomson Antiepileptic drugs and intrauterine death: A prospective observational study from EURAP.  Neurology 2015; 85:580-8  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Trivedi (Phenobarbital) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2018
                 | 
                
                     Trivedi Spontaneous fetal loss in women with epilepsy: prospective data from pregnancy registry in India.  Epilepsy Res 2018; 146:50-53  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Vajda (Phenobarbital) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2019
                 | 
                
                     Vajda Associations between particular types of fetal malformation and antiepileptic drug exposure in utero.  Acta Neurol Scand 2013; 128:228-34  Vajda Antiepileptic drugs and foetal malformation: analysis of 20 years of data in a pregnancy register.  Seizure 2019; 65:6-11  Vajda The teratogenicity of the newer antiepileptic drugs - an update.  Acta Neurol Scand 2014; 130:234-8  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Vajda (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2019
                 | 
                
                     Vajda Associations between particular types of fetal malformation and antiepileptic drug exposure in utero.  Acta Neurol Scand 2013; 128:228-34  Vajda Antiepileptic drugs and foetal malformation: analysis of 20 years of data in a pregnancy register.  Seizure 2019; 65:6-11  Vajda The teratogenicity of the newer antiepileptic drugs - an update.  Acta Neurol Scand 2014; 130:234-8  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Van der Pol (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 1991
                 | 
                
                     van der Pol Antiepileptic medication in pregnancy: late effects on the children's central nervous system development.  Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991; 164:121-8  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Van der Pol (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991
                 | 
                
                     van der Pol Antiepileptic medication in pregnancy: late effects on the children's central nervous system development.  Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991; 164:121-8  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Veiby (Phenobarbital) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick) (Mixed indications), 2014
                 | 
                
                     Veiby Fetal growth restriction and birth defects with newer and older antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy.  J. Neurol. 2014; 261:579-88  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Veiby (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, disease free) (Mixed indications), 2014
                 | 
                
                     Veiby Fetal growth restriction and birth defects with newer and older antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy.  J. Neurol. 2014; 261:579-88  
                 | 
            
            
            
                | 
                    Veiby (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick) (Mixed indications), 2014
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                     Veiby Fetal growth restriction and birth defects with newer and older antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy.  J. Neurol. 2014; 261:579-88  
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                    Waters (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 1994
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                     Waters Outcomes of pregnancy associated with antiepileptic drugs.  Arch Neurol 1994; 51:250-3  
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                    Waters (Phenobarbital) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1994
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                     Waters Outcomes of pregnancy associated with antiepileptic drugs.  Arch Neurol 1994; 51:250-3  
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                    Yerby (Phenobarbital), 1992
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                     Yerby Antiepileptics and the development of congenital anomalies.  Neurology 1992; 42:132-40  
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