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Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists
Overall results
Study description
Excluded studies
Table
Graphic
auto
during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)
1st trimester
2nd trimester
3rd trimester
2nd and/or 3rd trimester
throughout pregnancy
early pregnancy
days before delivery
late pregnancy
preconception-only
periconceptional
preconceptional for kinetic reason
at least 1st trimester
3 months (or more) before pregnancy or during pregnancy
1st and 2nd trimester
3 months or more before pregnancy or1st trimester
Paternal exp. genotoxic window only (0–3 months preconception)
Paternal exposure: epigenetic window only (3–xxx months preconception)
Paternal exposure: genotoxic/epigenetic window (0–xxx months preconception)
Paternal exposure: other window
Whatever the period exposition
individual studies
Outcome
TE
95% CI
n cases
n exposed
k
Pub. bias
Congenital malformations
All congenital malformations (majors, minors, majors and minors, or unspecified)
Dao (Controls unexposed, sick), 2024 Cesta_Nordic, 2024 Cesta_USA, 2024 Cesta_Israel, 2024 Broe (Controls unexposed, sick), 2025 Kolding - Semaglutide (Controls unexposed, general pop), 2025 Chou, 2025
7
1.00
[
0.72
; 1.38]
8,464
734
not evaluable
Major congenital malformations
Dao (Controls unexposed, sick), 2024 Cesta_Nordic, 2024 Cesta_USA, 2024 Cesta_Israel, 2024 Broe (Controls unexposed, sick), 2025 Kolding - Semaglutide (Controls unexposed, general pop), 2025 Chou, 2025
7
1.00
[
0.72
; 1.38]
8,464
734
not evaluable
Congenital heart defects
Cesta_Nordic, 2024 Cesta_USA, 2024 Cesta_Israel, 2024
3
0.48
[
0.24
; 0.96]
215
461
not evaluable
Digestive system anomalies
0
-
-
-
-
-
Ear, face and neck anomalies
0
-
-
-
-
-
Eye defects
0
-
-
-
-
-
Genital anomalies
0
-
-
-
-
-
Limb defects
0
-
-
-
-
-
Nervous system anomalies
0
-
-
-
-
-
Oro-facial clefts
0
-
-
-
-
-
Respiratory system anomalies
0
-
-
-
-
-
Urinary malformations
0
-
-
-
-
-
Growth parameters and prematurity
Preterm (< 37 weeks)
Dao (Controls unexposed, sick), 2024 Chou, 2025 Lewin, 2025 Pondugula, 2025 Kolding - Semaglutide (Controls unexposed, general pop), 2025
5
1.32
[
0.91
; 1.91]
41,812
41,228
not evaluable
Small for gestational age (weight)
Dao (Controls unexposed, sick), 2024 Chou, 2025 Pondugula, 2025 Kolding - Semaglutide (Controls unexposed, general pop), 2025
4
0.63
[
0.35
; 1.14]
9,502
298
not evaluable
Large for gestational age (weight)
Dao (Controls unexposed, sick), 2024 Pondugula, 2025 Kolding - Semaglutide (Controls unexposed, general pop), 2025
3
2.67
[
0.96
; 7.40]
4,251
232
not evaluable
Maternal consequences
Caesarean
Lewin, 2025
1
1.25
[
1.22
; 1.28]
69,223
40,929
not evaluable
Gestational diabetes
Pondugula, 2025
1
0.58
[
0.30
; 1.14]
58
90
not evaluable
Preeclampsia
Pondugula, 2025
1
0.47
[
0.25
; 0.89]
96
90
not evaluable
Maternal death
Hanif, 2025
1
1.00
[
0.41
; 2.42]
-
1,826
not evaluable
Neonatal disorders
Jaundice / Icterus
Kolding - Semaglutide (Controls unexposed, general pop), 2025
1
3.31
[
1.11
; 9.90]
5,952
29
not evaluable
Neonatal hypoglycemia
Kolding - Semaglutide (Controls unexposed, general pop), 2025
1
7.89
[
1.92
; 32.39]
1,451
29
not evaluable
Neonatal medical care
0
-
-
-
-
-
Neonatal death (< 28 days of life)
Lewin, 2025
1
1.10
[
0.95
; 1.27]
959
40,929
not evaluable
Intrauterine deaths
Early intrauterine deaths (< 22 weeks) / Spontaneous abortions
Dao (Controls unexposed, sick), 2024 Lewin, 2025
2
1.34
[
1.29
; 1.39]
13,872
41,097
not evaluable
Late intrauterine deaths (> 22 weeks) / Stillbirths
Dao (Controls unexposed, sick), 2024 Chou, 2025
2
0.66
[
0.17
; 2.53]
14
182
not evaluable
Elective/induced termination of pregnancy
Dao (Controls unexposed, sick), 2024
1
1.39
[
0.66
; 2.93]
36
168
not evaluable
Therapeutic terminations of pregnancy
Dao (Controls unexposed, sick), 2024
1
0.45
[
0.11
; 1.80]
10
117
not evaluable
Intrauterine deaths (as a whole or unspecified)
Pondugula, 2025
1
6.86
[
0.70
; 66.90]
4
90
not evaluable
0.0
100.0
1.0
