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Leflunomide
Overall results
Study description
Excluded studies
Table
Graphic
auto
during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)
1st trimester
2nd trimester
3rd trimester
2nd and/or 3rd trimester
throughout pregnancy
early pregnancy
days before delivery
late pregnancy
preconception-only
periconceptional
preconceptional for kinetic reason
at least 1st trimester
3 months (or more) before pregnancy or during pregnancy
1st and 2nd trimester
3 months or more before pregnancy or1st trimester
Whatever the period exposition
individual studies
Outcome
TE
95% CI
n cases
n exposed
k
Pub. bias
Congenital malformations
All congenital malformations (majors, minors, majors and minors, or unspecified)
Chambers (Unexposed control, sick), 2010 Karadag, 2013 Bérard, 2018
3
0.97
[
0.81
; 1.16]
14,378
116
not evaluable
Major congenital malformations
Chambers (Unexposed control, sick), 2010 Karadag, 2013 Bérard, 2018
3
0.97
[
0.81
; 1.16]
14,378
116
not evaluable
Microcephaly / Small head circumference for gestational age
Chambers (Unexposed control, sick), 2010
1
0.62
[
0.21
; 1.84]
18
56
not evaluable
Minor congenital malformations
Chambers (Unexposed control, sick), 2010
1
1.87
[
0.92
; 3.79]
53
51
not evaluable
Congenital heart defects
Bérard, 2018
1
3.11
[
0.99
; 9.77]
-
-
not evaluable
Limb defects
Bérard, 2018
1
1.38
[
0.96
; 1.98]
-
-
not evaluable
Growth parameters and prematurity
Preterm (< 37 weeks)
Chambers (Unexposed control, sick), 2010 Bérard, 2018
2
2.04
[
1.07
; 3.90]
10,868
77
not evaluable
Low birth weight (< 2500g)
Karadag, 2013 Bérard, 2018
2
1.06
[
0.90
; 1.25]
2
3
not evaluable
Small for gestational age (length)
Chambers (Unexposed control, sick), 2010
1
0.40
[
0.08
; 1.97]
10
56
not evaluable
Small for gestational age (weight)
Chambers (Unexposed control, sick), 2010
1
2.08
[
0.75
; 5.75]
17
56
not evaluable
Maternal consequences
Caesarean
0
-
-
-
-
-
Gestational diabetes
Chambers (Unexposed control, sick), 2010
1
2.63
[
0.43
; 16.26]
5
56
not evaluable
Preeclampsia
Chambers (Unexposed control, sick), 2010
1
3.68
[
0.88
; 15.35]
9
56
not evaluable
Long term consequences
Child/Infant head circumference abnormalities (> 1 year)
Chambers (Unexposed control, sick), 2010
1
0.94
[
0.30
; 2.95]
14
56
not evaluable
Child/Infant lenght abnormalities (> 1 year)
Chambers (Unexposed control, sick), 2010
1
2.57
[
0.78
; 8.53]
12
56
not evaluable
Child/Infant weight abnormalities (> 1 year)
Chambers (Unexposed control, sick), 2010
1
1.05
[
0.41
; 2.72]
21
56
not evaluable
Intrauterine deaths
Early intrauterine death (< 22 weeks)
Chambers (Unexposed control, sick), 2010 Bérard, 2018
2
1.09
[
0.90
; 1.32]
17,747
112
not evaluable
Elective/induced termination of pregnancy
Chambers (Unexposed control, sick), 2010
1
0.84
[
0.07
; 9.44]
3
63
not evaluable
Late intrauterine deaths (> 22 weeks)
Chambers (Unexposed control, sick), 2010
1
0.56
[
0.02
; 13.89]
1
63
not evaluable
Intrauterine deaths (as a whole or unspecified)
Karadag, 2013
1
1.13
[
0.08
; 16.31]
5
3
not evaluable
0.0
20.0
1.0
