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Calcium channel blockers (versus unexposed)
Overall results
Study description
Excluded studies
Table
Graphic
auto
during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)
1st trimester
2nd trimester
3rd trimester
2nd and/or 3rd trimester
throughout pregnancy
early pregnancy
days before delivery
late pregnancy
preconception-only
periconceptional
preconceptional for kinetic reason
at least 1st trimester
3 months (or more) before pregnancy or during pregnancy
1st and 2nd trimester
3 months or more before pregnancy or1st trimester
Whatever the period exposition
individual studies
Outcome
TE
95% CI
n cases
n exposed
k
Pub. bias
Congenital malformations
All congenital malformations (majors, minors, majors and minors, or unspecified)
Magee - Calcium blockers, 1996 Sorensen - Calcium blockers, 2001 Weber-Schoendorfer - Calcium blockers, 2008 Nakhai-Pour - Calcium blockers, 2010 Vasilakis-Scaramozza - Calcium blockers, 2013 Van Gelder - Calcium blockers, 2015 Mito - Amlodipine, 2019 Ishikawa - Amlodipine (Controls unexposed, sick), 2023
8
1.44
[
1.07
; 1.93]
32,739
570
not evaluable
Major congenital malformations
Magee - Calcium blockers, 1996 Sorensen - Calcium blockers, 2001 Weber-Schoendorfer - Calcium blockers, 2008 Nakhai-Pour - Calcium blockers, 2010 Vasilakis-Scaramozza - Calcium blockers, 2013 Van Gelder - Calcium blockers, 2015 Mito - Amlodipine, 2019 Ishikawa - Amlodipine (Controls unexposed, sick), 2023
8
1.48
[
1.09
; 2.02]
32,713
569
not evaluable
Congenital heart defects
Sorensen - Calcium blockers, 2001 Lennestal - Calcium inhibitors, 2009 Fisher - Calcium blockers (Controls unexposed, sick), 2017
3
1.42
[
0.87
; 2.30]
17,130
304
not evaluable
Hypospadias
Sorensen - Calcium blockers, 2001 Van Zutphen - Calcium blockers, 2014
2
1.29
[
0.61
; 2.71]
5,163
65
not evaluable
Oesophageal atresia with or without tracheo-oesophageal fistula
Sorensen - Calcium blockers, 2001 Fisher a - Calcium blockers, 2018
2
1.35
[
0.26
; 6.97]
872
64
not evaluable
Atresia or stenosis of other parts of small intestine
Sorensen - Calcium blockers, 2001 Fisher a - Calcium blockers, 2018
2
9.17
[
3.26
; 25.75]
578
70
not evaluable
Atrial septal defect
Fisher - Calcium blockers (Controls unexposed, sick), 2017
1
2.18
[
0.73
; 6.51]
-
18
not evaluable
Cleft palate
Sorensen - Calcium blockers, 2001 Fisher a - Calcium blockers, 2018
2
1.10
[
0.34
; 3.53]
2,037
66
not evaluable
Genital anomalies
Vasilakis-Scaramozza - Calcium blockers, 2013
1
1.30
[
0.12
; 14.48]
5
55
not evaluable
Hydrocephaly
Sorensen - Calcium blockers, 2001 Fisher a - Calcium blockers, 2018
2
1.75
[
0.33
; 9.22]
747
64
not evaluable
Hypoplastic left heart (HLH/HLHS)
Fisher - Calcium blockers (Controls unexposed, sick), 2017
1
5.21
[
1.09
; 25.00]
-
14
not evaluable
Pulmonary valve stenosis
Fisher - Calcium blockers (Controls unexposed, sick), 2017
1
1.99
[
0.52
; 7.66]
-
-
not evaluable
Spina bifida
Fisher a - Calcium blockers, 2018
1
0.65
[
0.09
; 4.96]
1,158
15
not evaluable
Ventricular septal defect
Fisher - Calcium blockers (Controls unexposed, sick), 2017
1
2.95
[
0.83
; 10.49]
-
-
not evaluable
Ano-rectal atresia and stenosis
Fisher a - Calcium blockers, 2018
1
0.97
[
0.13
; 7.37]
780
15
not evaluable
Anotia
Fisher a - Calcium blockers, 2018
1
1.21
[
0.16
; 9.20]
625
15
not evaluable
Cleft lip with or without cleft palate
Sorensen - Calcium blockers, 2001
1
2.20
[
0.79
; 6.12]
1,368
53
not evaluable
Club foot / Talipes equinovarus
Sorensen - Calcium blockers, 2001
1
-
-
-
-
-
Coarctation of aorta
Caton - Calcium blockers, 2009
1
1.07
[
0.06
; 19.41]
406
6
not evaluable
Congenital constriction bands/amniotic band
Fisher a - Calcium blockers, 2018
1
1.27
[
0.08
; 21.44]
307
14
not evaluable
Craniosynostosis
Fisher a - Calcium blockers, 2018
1
0.28
[
0.02
; 4.68]
1,405
14
not evaluable
Diaphragmatic hernia
Fisher a - Calcium blockers, 2018
1
1.97
[
0.45
; 8.70]
766
16
not evaluable
Ear malformations
Sorensen - Calcium blockers, 2001
1
2.40
[
0.32
; 18.23]
351
50
not evaluable
Ebstein's anomaly
Caton - Calcium blockers, 2009
1
6.65
[
0.36
; 121.46]
65
6
not evaluable
Encephalocele
Fisher a - Calcium blockers, 2018
1
1.94
[
0.11
; 32.75]
201
14
not evaluable
Gastroschisis
Fisher a - Calcium blockers, 2018
1
0.30
[
0.02
; 4.97]
1,324
14
not evaluable
Limb defects
Weber-Schoendorfer - Calcium blockers, 2008
1
2.12
[
0.35
; 12.79]
5
228
not evaluable
Limb reduction defects (LRD)
Sorensen - Calcium blockers, 2001
1
1.40
[
0.20
; 9.90]
545
50
not evaluable
Neural Tube Defects
Sorensen - Calcium blockers, 2001
1
2.10
[
0.63
; 6.96]
1,191
52
not evaluable
Polydactyly
Sorensen - Calcium blockers, 2001
1
0.50
[
0.08
; 3.08]
1,730
50
not evaluable
Growth parameters and prematurity
Preterm (< 37 weeks)
Magee - Calcium blockers, 1996 Parazzini - Nifedipine, 1998 Weber-Schoendorfer - Calcium blockers, 2008 Su - Calcium blockers (Controls unexposed, sick), 2013 Mito - Amlodipine, 2019 Fitton - Calcium blockers (Controls unexposed, sick), 2020
6
2.08
[
1.23
; 3.53]
1,190
938
not evaluable
Small for gestational age (weight)
Magee - Calcium blockers, 1996 Bayliss - Calcium blockers, 2002 Nakhai-Pour - Calcium blockers, 2010 Su - Calcium blockers (Controls unexposed, sick), 2013 Fisher b - Calcium inhibitors (Controls unexposed, sick), 2018 Fitton - Calcium blockers (Controls unexposed, sick), 2020
6
1.18
[
0.79
; 1.76]
8,941
564
not evaluable
Low birth weight (< 2500g)
Parazzini - Nifedipine, 1998 Su - Calcium blockers (Controls unexposed, sick), 2013 Mito - Amlodipine, 2019 Fitton - Calcium blockers (Controls unexposed, sick), 2020
4
1.20
[
0.80
; 1.79]
1,069
647
not evaluable
Very low birth weight (< 1500g)
Parazzini - Nifedipine, 1998
1
1.20
[
0.48
; 2.99]
20
129
not evaluable
Very preterm (28 to 32 weeks)
Parazzini - Nifedipine, 1998
1
1.60
[
0.79
; 3.25]
33
129
not evaluable
Maternal consequences
Caesarean
Wide-Swensson - Isradipine, 1995 Parazzini - Nifedipine, 1998 Darcie - Isradipine, 2004
3
0.99
[
0.56
; 1.76]
210
214
not evaluable
Assisted deliveries (forceps, vacuum, ...)
Wide-Swensson - Isradipine, 1995 Darcie - Isradipine, 2004
2
1.90
[
0.46
; 7.85]
16
86
not evaluable
Preeclampsia
Bayliss - Calcium blockers, 2002 Mito - Amlodipine, 2019
2
0.79
[
0.42
; 1.48]
122
62
not evaluable
Gestational diabetes
Mito - Amlodipine, 2019
1
0.29
[
0.08
; 1.02]
27
48
not evaluable
Neonatal disorders
Neonatal medical care
Wide-Swensson - Isradipine, 1995 Parazzini - Nifedipine, 1998
2
1.38
[
0.71
; 2.70]
42
169
not evaluable
Fetal distress
0
-
-
-
-
-
Low Apgar score (< 7) (at 5 min)
Darcie - Isradipine, 2004
1
0.35
[
0.01
; 18.56]
-
39
not evaluable
Neonatal death (< 28 days of life)
Parazzini - Nifedipine, 1998
1
0.98
[
0.14
; 7.04]
4
132
not evaluable
Infant health status
Bortolus - Nifedipine, 2000
1
6.49
[
0.34
; 122.60]
4
94
not evaluable
Jaundice / Icterus
Magee - Calcium blockers, 1996
1
0.45
[
0.10
; 2.02]
12
14
not evaluable
Low Apgar score (< 7) (at 1 min)
Darcie - Isradipine, 2004
1
0.50
[
0.07
; 3.36]
5
39
not evaluable
Neonatal disorders (as a whole)
Magee - Calcium blockers, 1996
1
0.57
[
0.26
; 1.25]
40
51
not evaluable
Neonatal hypoglycemia
Darcie - Isradipine, 2004
1
4.00
[
1.06
; 15.08]
28
39
not evaluable
Very low Apgar score (< 5) (at 1 min)
Darcie - Isradipine, 2004
1
1.85
[
0.08
; 41.05]
2
39
not evaluable
Long term consequences
Child/Infant death (> 28 days of life)
Bortolus - Nifedipine, 2000
1
0.23
[
0.01
; 5.65]
1
94
not evaluable
Child/Infant lenght abnormalities (> 1 year)
Bortolus - Nifedipine, 2000
1
0.38
[
0.13
; 1.09]
16
94
not evaluable
Child/Infant weight abnormalities (> 1 year)
Bortolus - Nifedipine, 2000
1
1.28
[
0.53
; 3.10]
25
94
not evaluable
Intrauterine deaths
Early intrauterine death (< 22 weeks)
Parazzini - Nifedipine, 1998 Weber-Schoendorfer - Calcium blockers, 2008
2
1.06
[
0.12
; 9.51]
100
400
not evaluable
Intrauterine deaths (as a whole or unspecified)
Magee - Calcium blockers, 1996
1
2.13
[
0.89
; 5.10]
26
81
not evaluable
Late intrauterine deaths (> 22 weeks)
Parazzini - Nifedipine, 1998 Weber-Schoendorfer - Calcium blockers, 2008
2
2.48
[
0.99
; 6.24]
17
400
not evaluable
Therapeutic terminations of pregnancy
Magee - Calcium blockers, 1996 Parazzini - Nifedipine, 1998
2
1.17
[
0.38
; 3.61]
13
213
not evaluable
Elective/induced termination of pregnancy
Weber-Schoendorfer - Calcium blockers, 2008
1
2.99
[
1.78
; 5.04]
61
299
not evaluable
Perinatal death
Magee - Calcium blockers, 1996
1
5.13
[
0.24
; 108.52]
2
81
not evaluable
Neuro-developmental disorders
Language disorders/delay
Bortolus - Nifedipine, 2000
1
1.27
[
0.41
; 3.98]
14
94
not evaluable
Psychomotor developmental disorders/delay
Bortolus - Nifedipine, 2000
1
0.92
[
0.20
; 4.25]
7
94
not evaluable
0.0
100.0
1.0
