Clomiphene

Table   Graphic  
individual studies
OutcomeTE95% CIn casesn exposedkPub. bias Congenital malformations Neural Tube Defects Milunsky, 1990 Shaw, 1995 Lammer, 1995 Banhidy, 2008 Benedum, 2016 Weller, 2017 61.50[1.00; 2.25]2,9532,488not evaluable All congenital malformations (majors, minors, majors and minors, or unspecified) Mili, 1991 Banhidy, 2008 Weller, 2017 Nehard, 2024 41.15[0.98; 1.35]33,8772,286not evaluable Hypospadias Sorensen, 2005 Meijer, 2006 Banhidy, 2008 Lind, 2013 Weller, 2017 51.42[0.93; 2.17]5,3602,181not evaluable Major congenital malformations Banhidy, 2008 Weller, 2017 Nehard, 2024 31.13[0.95; 1.34]28,9532,286not evaluable Spina bifida Wu, 2006 Reefhuis, 2011 22.80[0.20; 38.54]706138not evaluable Congenital heart defects Banhidy, 2008 11.30[0.60; 2.81]4,479110not evaluable Craniosynostosis Reefhuis, 2003 Reefhuis, 2011 Weller, 2017 32.04[1.34; 3.11]9012,001not evaluable Cleft lip with or without cleft palate Banhidy, 2008 Reefhuis, 2011 21.20[0.75; 1.91]3,072219not evaluable Encephalocele Reefhuis, 2011 12.70[0.93; 7.85]13398not evaluable Minor congenital malformations Nehard, 2024 14.44[1.81; 10.91]20262not evaluable Nervous system anomalies Weller, 2017 10.92[0.51; 1.66]8391,861not evaluable Ventricular septal defect Reefhuis, 2011 Weller, 2017 21.40[0.81; 2.42]1,3801,986not evaluable Ano-rectal atresia and stenosis Reefhuis, 2011 11.20[0.61; 2.35]592104not evaluable Anotia Reefhuis, 2011 12.10[0.97; 4.55]383101not evaluable Cleft palate Reefhuis, 2011 10.80[0.41; 1.55]883102not evaluable Club foot / Talipes equinovarus Banhidy, 2008 11.20[0.39; 3.65]2,424102not evaluable Digestive system anomalies Weller, 2017 11.41[0.63; 3.14]3091,861not evaluable Hydrocephaly Reefhuis, 2011 11.10[0.42; 2.91]29099not evaluable Oesophageal atresia with or without tracheo-oesophageal fistula Reefhuis, 2011 Weller, 2017 22.41[1.41; 4.11]4141,971not evaluable Polydactyly Banhidy, 2008 10.46[0.11; 1.85]1,74498not evaluable Atresia of bile ducts Reefhuis, 2011 11.40[0.32; 6.16]10597not evaluable Atresia or stenosis of other parts of small intestine Reefhuis, 2011 11.40[0.51; 3.86]25798not evaluable Atrial septal defect Reefhuis, 2011 11.50[0.99; 2.27]1,934133not evaluable Atrioventricular septal defect Reefhuis, 2011 11.10[0.32; 3.76]17097not evaluable Cardiac septal defects Reefhuis, 2011 11.60[1.13; 2.26]3,320168not evaluable Choanal atresia Reefhuis, 2011 12.70[0.92; 7.95]8298not evaluable Coarctation of aorta Reefhuis, 2011 11.80[1.09; 2.97]603114not evaluable Congenital cataract Reefhuis, 2011 11.30[0.50; 3.39]20880not evaluable Congenital constriction bands/amniotic band Reefhuis, 2011 11.40[0.41; 4.75]20097not evaluable Diaphragmatic hernia Reefhuis, 2011 11.20[0.60; 2.40]488103not evaluable Hypoplastic left heart (HLH/HLHS) Reefhuis, 2011 11.30[0.60; 2.81]343102not evaluable Omphalocele Reefhuis, 2011 12.20[1.09; 4.45]254103not evaluable Pulmonary valve stenosis Reefhuis, 2011 11.30[0.73; 2.30]829109not evaluable Tetralogy of Fallot Reefhuis, 2011 11.10[0.59; 2.06]630105not evaluable Transposition of the great vessels Reefhuis, 2011 10.40[0.11; 1.50]44397not evaluable Growth parameters and prematurity Preterm (< 37 weeks) Malchau, 2014 Nehard, 2024 21.28[0.83; 1.96]1071,598not evaluable Low birth weight (< 2500g) Malchau, 2014 Nehard, 2024 21.43[1.08; 1.91]901,593not evaluable Macrosomia (> 4000g) Nehard, 2024 10.93[0.68; 1.27]362236not evaluable Small for gestational age (weight) Malchau, 2014 Gorgui, 2022 21.39[1.05; 1.83]5,3981,659not evaluable Long term consequences Neuroblastoma Olshan, 1999 10.50[0.20; 1.22]45921not evaluable Intrauterine deaths Early intrauterine death (< 22 weeks) Nehard, 2024 11.82[1.16; 2.85]99309not evaluable Ectopic pregnancy Nehard, 2024 14.02[0.56; 28.65]4309not evaluable Elective/induced termination of pregnancy Nehard, 2024 10.74[0.43; 1.28]101309not evaluable Late intrauterine deaths (> 22 weeks) Nehard, 2024 10.57[0.07; 4.65]8309not evaluable Therapeutic terminations of pregnancy Nehard, 2024 11.20[0.33; 4.39]13309not evaluable0.050.01.0

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