Carvedilol (versus unexposed)

Study	Type of data	Exposure measurement	Outcome assessment	Adjustment
Delteil, 2024	retrospective cohort (claims database)	Women's drug exposure during pregnancy was estimated on the basis of dispensed prescription drugs recorded by the French Assurance Maladie.	Pregnancy outcomes were obtained from compulsory health certificates at 8 days, 9 months and 2 years for children recorded by the Protection Maternelle et Infantile (PMI) for births, and from data from the Primary Health Insurance Fund and the Toulouse University Hospital.	For malformations: adjusted for folic acid intake, the number of other medications during pregnancy, exposure to at least one teratogenic drug, diabetes and maternal age. SGA adjusted for maternal age, the number of other medications during pregnancy, diabetes and child sex.
Kubota - Carvedilol, 2023	retrospective cohort	This was a retrospective analysis of data collected for routine clinical care. The patients were identified based on their prescription histories, and their hospital records were examined.	The patients were identified based on their prescription histories, and their hospital records were examined.	None.
Tanaka, 2016	retrospective cohort	Patient data were collected from their medical records and included medication(s) used (β-blockers and other ones).	Patient data were collected from their medical records.	Fetal growth restriction adjusted for maternal age, parity, maternal body mass index, primiparity, smoking, drinking, hypertension, thyroid disease, gestational diabetes mellitus, and NYHA class. Singleton only. Smoking and alcohol consumption during pregnancy not observed in any of the patients. No significant differences in gestational DM and pregnancy-induced hypertension between the 3 groups.

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