Metoprolol (versus unexposed)

Study	Type of data	Exposure measurement	Outcome assessment	Adjustment
Albertini, 2023	retrospective cohort	Maternal clinical history including medications was collected (no other details).	Data regarding pregnancy and labor outcomes were collected, including fetal losses, birth weight, gestational age, type of delivery, and labor complications (no other details).	No adjustment. Twin pregnancies were excluded.
Bateman, 2016	retrospective cohort (claims database)	Claims database of dispensed prescriptions for outpatient medications.	The outcomes were obtained in the infant records (at least 1 diagnostic code from the ICD-9 indicating the presence of neonatal hypoglycemia or bradycardia). Recordings of the diagnostic codes were identified for 1 month after delivery to allow for potential lags in the posting of claims.	Propensity score for maternal age, maternal ethnicity, maternal heart disease, gestational and preexisting hypertension, gestational and preexisting diabetes, preterm, multiple gestation, alcohol abuse, illicit drug use, tobacco use, chronic renal disease, essential tremor, overall burden of comorbidity, maternal exposure to insulin or oral hypogylcemics in the final month of pregnancy...
Delteil, 2024	retrospective cohort (claims database)	Women's drug exposure during pregnancy was estimated on the basis of dispensed prescription drugs recorded by the French Assurance Maladie.	Pregnancy outcomes were obtained from compulsory health certificates at 8 days, 9 months and 2 years for children recorded by the Protection Maternelle et Infantile (PMI) for births, and from data from the Primary Health Insurance Fund and the Toulouse University Hospital.	For malformations: adjusted for folic acid intake, the number of other medications during pregnancy, exposure to at least one teratogenic drug, diabetes and maternal age. SGA adjusted for maternal age, the number of other medications during pregnancy, diabetes and child sex.
Duan, 2018	retrospective cohort (claims database)	Pregnant women exposed to beta‐blockers during their pregnancy were identified using pharmacy dispensing records.	This study utilized computerized electronic health system databases which includes inpatient and outpatient diagnoses, patient vital statistics,... Fetal birth weights were obtained from California birth certificates.	For SGA: multivariable logistic regression models were constructed to adjust for maternal age, gestational age, maternal race and ethnicity, body mass index, and maternal comorbidities (including hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, heart failure, stroke, arrhythmia, and renal insufficiency). Only singleton pregnancies.
Puho, 2007	case control	Mothers were asked to send their prenatal maternity logbook and other medical records and they were mailed a questionnaire. Regional nurses were asked to visit and question the non-respondent.	Notification by physicians to the Hungarian Congenital Abnormality Registry. Pathologists sent a copy of each autopsy report to the registry for stillborn fetuses or infant deaths and defect diagnosed in prenatal diagnostic centers with or without termination of pregnancy were included.	Adjusted for maternal age and employment status, parity and acute maternal diseases in the 2nd and/or 3rd months of pregnancy. Controls were matched according to sex, week of birth in the year when the case was born, and district of parent’s residence.
Tanaka, 2016	retrospective cohort	Patient data were collected from their medical records and included medication(s) used (β-blockers and other ones).	Patient data were collected from their medical records.	Fetal growth restriction adjusted for maternal age, parity, maternal body mass index, primiparity, smoking, drinking, hypertension, thyroid disease, gestational diabetes mellitus, and NYHA class. Singleton only. Smoking and alcohol consumption during pregnancy not observed in any of the patients. No significant differences in gestational DM and pregnancy-induced hypertension between the 3 groups.
Vaclavik, 2024	population based cohort retrospective	The National Registry of Reimbursable Health Services (NRHZS).	Nationwide data on all births and abortions in the Czech Republic were obtained from the National Registry of Reproductive Health (NRRZ).	None.
Van Zutphen, 2014	case control	Antihypertensive medication use were collected by trained interviewers who conducted maternal telephone interviews within 24 months of delivery.	Data were abstracted from medical record, birth certificates or hospital discharge records. To confirm cases, clinical geneticists reviewed data, including consultations (urology, endocrinology, and genetic), reports (operative, pathology, and autopsy), and radiographic results.	Adjusted for site, maternal age, race and ethnicity, parity, fertility treatment, prepregnancy diabetes, gestational diabetes, and multiple birth.

master protocol