Acetaminophen (Paracetamol)

Study Reference
Ahlqvist (Population-Based), 2024

Ahlqvist Acetaminophen Use During Pregnancy and Children's Risk of Autism, ADHD, and Intellectual Disability. JAMA 2024; 331:1205-1214

Ahlqvist (Sibling), 2024

Ahlqvist Acetaminophen Use During Pregnancy and Children's Risk of Autism, ADHD, and Intellectual Disability. JAMA 2024; 331:1205-1214

Alemany_DNBC, 2021

Alemany Prenatal and postnatal exposure to acetaminophen in relation to autism spectrum and attention-deficit and hyperactivity symptoms in childhood: Meta-analysis in six European population-based cohorts. Eur J Epidemiol 2021; 36:993-1004

Andersen, 2012

Andersen Use of prescription paracetamol during pregnancy and risk of asthma in children: a population-based Danish cohort study. Clin Epidemiol 2012; 4:33-40

Andreasen, 2025

Andreasen Maternal urinary paracetamol concentrations and self-reported paracetamol use in mid-gestation: Association to reduced anogenital distance in Offspring from infancy to 9 years. Reprod Toxicol 2025; 135:108946

Lind Maternal use of mild analgesics during pregnancy associated with reduced anogenital distance in sons: a cohort study of 1027 mother-child pairs. Hum Reprod 2017; 32:223-231

Arneja, 2020

Arneja Association between maternal acetaminophen use and adverse birth outcomes in a pregnancy and birth cohort. Pediatr Res 2020; 87:1263-1269

Aselton, 1985

Aselton First-trimester drug use and congenital disorders. Obstet Gynecol 1985; 65:451-5

Bertoldi_Pelotas, 2020

Bertoldi Associations of acetaminophen use during pregnancy and the first year of life with neurodevelopment in early childhood. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2020; 34:267-277

Broe (Controls unexposed, general pop), 2025

Broe Prescription Drugs in Pregnancy and Congenital Malformations: A Population-Based Safety Screening Study. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2025; 34:e70211

Broe (Controls unexposed, sick), 2025

Broe Prescription Drugs in Pregnancy and Congenital Malformations: A Population-Based Safety Screening Study. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2025; 34:e70211

Chen, 2019

Chen Prenatal Exposure to Acetaminophen and the Risk of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Nationwide Study in Taiwan. J Clin Psychiatry 2019; 80:

Cifuentes, 2025

Cifuentes Risk of Congenital Ocular Anomaly After Prenatal Exposure to Medications: A EUROmediCAT Study. Birth Defects Res 2025; 117:e2435

Couto, 2015

Couto Pregnancy, maternal exposure to analgesic medicines, and leukemia in Brazilian children below 2 years of age. Eur J Cancer Prev 2015; 24:245-52

Czeizel, 2005

Czeizel Short-term paracetamol therapy during pregnancy and a lower rate of preterm birth. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2005; 19:106-11

Dathe, 2019

Dathe Negligible risk of prenatal ductus arteriosus closure or fetal renal impairment after third-trimester paracetamol use: evaluation of the German Embryotox cohort. BJOG 2019; 126:1560-1567

De Castro, 2022

de Castro Association between paracetamol use during pregnancy and perinatal outcomes: Prospective NISAMI cohort. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267270

Feldkamp, 2010

Feldkamp Acetaminophen use in pregnancy and risk of birth defects: findings from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study. Obstet Gynecol 2010; 115:109-115

Fisher, 2016

Fisher Prenatal paracetamol exposure is associated with shorter anogenital distance in male infants. Hum Reprod 2016; 31:2642-2650

Garcia-Marcos, 2009

Garcia-Marcos Is the effect of prenatal paracetamol exposure on wheezing in preschool children modified by asthma in the mother? Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2009; 149:33-7

Given, 2017

Given Gastroschisis in Europe - A Case-malformed-Control Study of Medication and Maternal Illness during Pregnancy as Risk Factors. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2017; 31:549-559

Goksor, 2011

Goksor Prenatal paracetamol exposure and risk of wheeze at preschool age. Acta Paediatr 2011; 100:1567-71

Goodman, 2019

Goodman An evaluation of nutritional and vasoactive stimulants as risk factors for gastroschisis: a pilot study. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2019; 32:2346-2353

Inoue, 2021

Inoue Behavioral Problems at Age 11 Years After Prenatal and Postnatal Exposure to Acetaminophen: Parent-Reported and Self-Reported Outcomes. Am J Epidemiol 2021; 190:1009-1020

Jedrychowski, 2011

Jedrychowski Effect of prenatal exposure to fine particulate matter and intake of Paracetamol (Acetaminophen) in pregnancy on eczema occurrence in early childhood. Sci Total Environ 2011; 409:5205-9

Jensen, 2010

Jensen Maternal use of acetaminophen, ibuprofen, and acetylsalicylic acid during pregnancy and risk of cryptorchidism. Epidemiology 2010; 21:779-85

Källén, 2003

Källén Maternal drug use in early pregnancy and infant cardiovascular defect Reproductive Toxicology 2003; 17:255-.

Kerr, 2019

Kerr Risk factors for congenital microcephaly in the pre-Zika era. Birth Defects Res 2019; 111:96-118

Killion, 2022

Killion Prenatal acetaminophen use in women with autoimmune disorders and adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2022; 61:1630-1638

Koniman, 2007

Koniman A matched patient-sibling study on the usage of paracetamol and the subsequent development of allergy and asthma. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2007; 18:128-34

Kristensen, 2011

Kristensen Intrauterine exposure to mild analgesics is a risk factor for development of male reproductive disorders in human and rat. Hum Reprod 2011; 26:235-44

Li, 2003

Li Exposure to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs during pregnancy and risk of miscarriage: population based cohort study. BMJ 2003; 327:368

Li, 2021

Li Prenatal exposure to acetaminophen increases the risk of atopic dermatitis in children: A nationwide nested case-control study in Taiwan. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2021; 32:1080-1088

Li (Controls exposed to NSAIDS), 2018

Li Use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs during pregnancy and the risk of miscarriage. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2018; 219:275.e1-275.e8

Li (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2018

Li Use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs during pregnancy and the risk of miscarriage. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2018; 219:275.e1-275.e8

Liew, 2014

Liew Acetaminophen use during pregnancy, behavioral problems, and hyperkinetic disorders. JAMA Pediatr 2014; 168:313-20

Liew, 2021

Liew Prenatal Exposure to Acetaminophen and Childhood Asthmatic Symptoms in a Population-Based Cohort in Los Angeles, California. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:

Liew a, 2016

Liew Prenatal Use of Acetaminophen and Child IQ: A Danish Cohort Study. Epidemiology 2016; 27:912-8

Liew b, 2016

Liew Maternal use of acetaminophen during pregnancy and risk of autism spectrum disorders in childhood: A Danish national birth cohort study. Autism Res 2016; 9:951-8

Liew c, 2016

Liew Paracetamol use during pregnancy and attention and executive function in offspring at age 5 years. Int J Epidemiol 2016; 45:2009-2017

Liew_Boys, 2019

Liew Prenatal Exposure to Acetaminophen and Overweight in Childhood. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2019; 27:1314-1322

Liew_Girls, 2019

Liew Prenatal Exposure to Acetaminophen and Overweight in Childhood. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2019; 27:1314-1322

Lind, 2013

Lind Maternal medication and herbal use and risk for hypospadias: data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997-2007. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2013; 22:783-93

Magnus (Controls exposed to ibuprofen), 2016

Magnus Prenatal and infant paracetamol exposure and development of asthma: the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study. Int J Epidemiol 2016; 45:512-22

Magnus (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2016

Magnus Prenatal and infant paracetamol exposure and development of asthma: the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study. Int J Epidemiol 2016; 45:512-22

Malaeb, 2021

Malaeb Preconception exposure to over-the-counter medications and antibiotics and the risk of childhood asthma in Lebanon: A cross-sectional study. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2021; 49:104-112

Marild, 2017

Marild Maternal Infections, Antibiotics, and Paracetamol in Pregnancy and Offspring Celiac Disease: A Cohort Study. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2017; 64:730-736

Nelson, 1971

Nelson Associations between drugs administered during pregnancy and congenital abnormalities of the fetus. Br Med J 1971; 1:523-7

Ognjanovic, 2011

Ognjanovic Analgesic use during pregnancy and risk of infant leukaemia: a Children's Oncology Group study. Br J Cancer 2011; 104:532-6

Okubo (Controls unexposed, general population), 2025

Okubo Maternal Acetaminophen Use and Offspring's Neurodevelopmental Outcome: A Nationwide Birth Cohort Study. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2025; :

Okubo (Controls unexposed, sibling), 2025

Okubo Maternal Acetaminophen Use and Offspring's Neurodevelopmental Outcome: A Nationwide Birth Cohort Study. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2025; :

Pastore, 1999

Pastore Risk of stillbirth from medications, illnesses and medical procedures. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 1999; 13:421-30

Pérez-Molina, 2002

Pérez-Molina [Upper and lower neural tube defects: prevalence and association with illnesses and drugs]. Ginecol Obstet Mex 2002; 70:443-50

Persky, 2008

Persky Prenatal exposure to acetaminophen and respiratory symptoms in the first year of life. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2008; 101:271-8

Perzanowski, 2010

Perzanowski Prenatal acetaminophen exposure and risk of wheeze at age 5 years in an urban low-income cohort. Thorax 2010; 65:118-23

Petersen, 2018

Petersen Use of paracetamol, ibuprofen or aspirin in pregnancy and risk of cerebral palsy in the child. Int J Epidemiol 2018; 47:121-130

Pleau, 2025

Pleau The debate on acetaminophen use in pregnancy and neurodevelopmental disorders: Facts or fiction? J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2025; :103176

Poletta, 2012

Poletta Methodological approaches to evaluate teratogenic risk using birth defect registries: advantages and disadvantages. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46626

Puho, 2007

Puho Drug treatment during pregnancy and isolated orofacial clefts in hungary. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2007; 44:194-202

Rebordosa, 2009

Rebordosa Use of acetaminophen during pregnancy and risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Int J Epidemiol 2009; 38:706-14

Rebordosa, 2010

Rebordosa Use of acetaminophen during pregnancy and risk of preeclampsia, hypertensive and vascular disorders: a birth cohort study. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2010; 23:371-8

Rebordosa a, 2008

Rebordosa Acetaminophen use during pregnancy: effects on risk for congenital abnormalities. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008; 198:178.e1-7

Rebordosa b, 2008

Rebordosa Pre-natal exposure to paracetamol and risk of wheezing and asthma in children: a birth cohort study. Int J Epidemiol 2008; 37:583-90

Rifas-Shiman, 2020

Rifas-Shiman Associations of prenatal or infant exposure to acetaminophen or ibuprofen with mid-childhood executive function and behaviour. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2020; 34:287-298

Robledo-Aceves, 2015

Robledo-Aceves Prevalence and risk factors for gastroschisis in a public hospital from west Mexico. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2015; 55:73-80

Ross, 2003

Ross Prescription medication use during pregnancy and risk of infant leukemia (United States). Cancer Causes Control 2003; 14:447-51

Rumack, 1981

Rumack Neonatal intracranial hemorrhage and maternal use of aspirin. Obstet Gynecol 1981; 58:52S-6S

Shaheen (Controls unexposed, general pop), 2019

Shaheen Prescribed analgesics in pregnancy and risk of childhood asthma. Eur Respir J 2019; 53:

Shaheen (Controls unexposed, sibling), 2019

Shaheen Prescribed analgesics in pregnancy and risk of childhood asthma. Eur Respir J 2019; 53:

Smith-Webb, 2023

Smith-Webb Prenatal exposure to acetaminophen and adolescent assessment of behavior: Discrepancies by age and reporter. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1084781

Snijder, 2012

Snijder Intrauterine exposure to mild analgesics during pregnancy and the occurrence of cryptorchidism and hypospadia in the offspring: the Generation R Study. Hum Reprod 2012; 27:1191-201

Sznajder, 2022

Sznajder Maternal use of acetaminophen during pregnancy and neurobehavioral problems in offspring at 3 years: A prospective cohort study. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272593

Tapia, 2018

Tapia Antibiotics, acetaminophen and infections during prenatal and early life in relation to type 1 diabetes. Int J Epidemiol 2018; 47:1538-1548

Thulstrup, 1999

Thulstrup Fetal growth and adverse birth outcomes in women receiving prescriptions for acetaminophen during pregnancy. EuroMap Study Group. Am J Perinatol 1999; 16:321-6

Torfs, 1996

Torfs Maternal medications and environmental exposures as risk factors for gastroschisis. Teratology 1996; 54:84-92

Tovo-Rodrigues, 2020

Tovo-Rodrigues Low neurodevelopmental performance and behavioural/emotional problems at 24 and 48 months in Brazilian children exposed to acetaminophen during foetal development. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2020; 34:278-286

Tovo-Rodrigues, 2018

Tovo-Rodrigues Is intrauterine exposure to acetaminophen associated with emotional and hyperactivity problems during childhood? Findings from the 2004 Pelotas birth cohort. BMC Psychiatry 2018; 18:368

Tronnes, 2020

Tronnes Prenatal paracetamol exposure and neurodevelopmental outcomes in preschool-aged children. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2020; 34:247-256

Vlenterie, 2016

Vlenterie Neurodevelopmental problems at 18 months among children exposed to paracetamol in utero: a propensity score matched cohort study. Int J Epidemiol 2016; 45:1998-2008

Vlenterie, R Neurodevelopmental problems at 18 months among children exposed to paracetamol in utero - A propensity score matched cohort study Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf. 2016; 25:296-.

Walker, 2024

Walker Prenatal determinants of anxiety symptoms in middle childhood. Evidence from Growing Up in New Zealand. J Affect Disord 2024; 363:653-661

Werler, 1992

Werler First trimester maternal medication use in relation to gastroschisis. Teratology 1992; 45:361-7

Werler, 2002

Werler Maternal medication use and risks of gastroschisis and small intestinal atresia. Am J Epidemiol 2002; 155:26-31

Werler, 2014

Werler Medication use in pregnancy in relation to the risk of isolated clubfoot in offspring. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2014; 180:86-93

Werler, 2003

Werler Epidemiologic analysis of maternal factors and amniotic band defects. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 2003; 67:68-72

Winship, 1984

Winship Maternal drug histories and central nervous system anomalies. Arch Dis Child 1984; 59:1052-60

Woodbury a, 2024

Woodbury Examining the relationship of acetaminophen use during pregnancy with early language development in children. Pediatr Res 2024; 95:1883-1896

Woodbury, M. Examining the relationship of acetaminophen use during pregnancy with early language development in children Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 2023; 98:503-.

Xu, 2024

Xu Association of acetaminophen use with perinatal outcomes among pregnant women: a retrospective cohort study with propensity score matching. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2024; 24:268

Ystrom or Gustavson (Gustavson 2021 - Sibling), 2017

Gustavson Acetaminophen use during pregnancy and offspring attention deficit hyperactivity disorder - a longitudinal sibling control study. JCPP Adv 2021; 1:e12020

Ystrom or Gustavson (Ystrom - Population-Based), 2017

Ystrom Prenatal Exposure to Acetaminophen and Risk of ADHD. Pediatrics 2017; 140:

Zafeiri, 2022

Zafeiri Maternal over-the-counter analgesics use during pregnancy and adverse perinatal outcomes: cohort study of 151 141 singleton pregnancies. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e048092

Zarante, 2009

Zarante Impact and risk factors of craniofacial malformations in a Colombian population. Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. 2009; 73:1434-7

Zierler, 1985

Zierler Congenital heart disease in relation to maternal use of Bendectin and other drugs in early pregnancy. N Engl J Med 1985; 313:347-52