Beta-blockers (Ocular route only) (versus unexposed) - Medication and Pregnancy KB

Beta-blockers (Ocular route only) (versus unexposed)

Exposed non-exposed, cohort studies

Study	Country Study period Study design	Data source	Exposure definition	Non-exposure definition	Exposition period	Sample size (exposed/unexposed) Or (case / control)	Remarks	Risk of bias
Hashimoto - Beta-blockers 2021	Japan 2005 - 2018 retrospective cohort (claims database)	Deidentified, individual-level data obtained from the JMDC Claims Database (JMDC, Tokyo, Japan).	Live births in women who had glaucoma and at least one dispensation of only beta-blockers (as a intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering medication) during the first trimester of pregnancy.	unexposed, sick Live births in women who had glaucoma and no dispensation of intraocular pressure–lowering medications.	1st trimester	31 / 735
Hashimoto - Beta-blockers 2021	Japan 2005 - 2018 retrospective cohort (claims database)		The JMDC Claims Database that collected health insurance claim data and covered both clinic visits (outpatients) and hospital admissions (inpatients), including the codes and dates of drug names dispensed (codes are based on the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System (ATC).		1st trimester	31 / 735
Ho - Beta-blockers 2009	Taiwan 2001 - 2003 retrospective cohort (claims database)	Two national databases: the National Health Insurance Research Dataset (NHIRD) and the the birth certificate registry, Taiwan.	Mothers that had been prescribed topical ophthalmic antiglaucoma Beta-blockers during pregnancy.	unexposed, disease free Mothers with no history of chronic disease randomly selected from the remaining mothers and matched eight for every one in the study cohort).	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	189 / 1952	Exclusion of pregnancies who had been prescribed more than one category of topical ophthalmic medication.
Ho - Beta-blockers 2009	Taiwan 2001 - 2003 retrospective cohort (claims database)		The National Health Insurance Research Dataset (NHIRD), which includes inpatient and ambulatory care claims for over 22 million Taiwanese enrollees, representing over 98% of the island’s population.		during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	189 / 1952
Kaufman - Beta-blockers 2024	India, Saudi Arabia, USA 2021 - 2022 retrospective cohort	A multicenter international descriptive survey study in 4 participating sites: the University of Illinois at Chicago (USA), King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital (Saudi Arabia), Aravind Eye Hospital (India), and Shri Sadguru Seva Sangh Trust (India).	Pregnant patient a diagnosis of glaucoma or ocular hypertension that use a beta-blocker (BB) as a topical glaucoma agent at any point during pregnancy.	unexposed, sick Pregnant patient a diagnosis of glaucoma or ocular hypertension that did not use a topical glaucoma agent at any point during pregnancy.	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	55 / 20	No pregnancies used systemic glaucoma medications.
Kaufman - Beta-blockers 2024	India, Saudi Arabia, USA 2021 - 2022 retrospective cohort		Surveys were administered either in person or by telephone. The survey asked patients questions about medications used during pregnancy.		during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	55 / 20	No pregnancies used systemic glaucoma medications.
Pellegrino - Timolol 2018	Italy 2003 - 2015 prospective cohort	The “Telefono Rosso”, an Italian Teratology Information Service (TIS).	Pregnant women with glaucoma and treated with topical Timolol monotherapy during the first trimester.	unexposed, disease free Healthy pregnant women with normal singleton pregnancies without significant exposure to any medications considered unsafe.	throughout pregnancy	27 / 187	Twenty-seven women used timolol as monotherapy, one drop (0,2 mg) one time daily and 48 as part of multidrug therapy in association with prostaglandins analogues or carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (dorzolamide, brinzolamide) one drop one time daily.
Pellegrino - Timolol 2018	Italy 2003 - 2015 prospective cohort		At the time of the call, women treated with topical antiglaucoma medication during the first trimester were interviewed about clinical and pregnancy information.		throughout pregnancy	27 / 187

Case-control studies

Study	Country Study period Study design	Data source	Case	Control	Exposition	Exposition period	Sample size (exposed/unexposed) Or (case / control)	Remarks	Risk of bias

Risk of bias: : NA; : low; : moderate; : serious; : critical; : unclear;

Empty. There are no case-control studies available for this drug.

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